According to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, it is impossible to precisely measure or calculate an object’s position and momentum. This principle is based on matter’s wave-particle duality. Although Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle can be ignored in the macroscopic world (uncertainties in the position and velocity of objects with relatively large masses are negligible), it is extremely important in the quantum world. Since atoms and subatomic particles have such small masses, any increase in the precision of their positions is accompanied by an increase in the uncertainty of their velocities.
|
Definition: Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle states that for particles exhibiting both particle and wave nature, it will not be possible to accurately determine both the position and velocity at the same time. The principle is named after German physicist, Werner Heisenberg who proposed the uncertainty principle in the year 1927. |
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Chemistry Questions with Solutions
Q1. If uncertainty in the position of an electron is zero, the uncertainty in its momentum will be-
a.) <h/4𝜋
b.) >h/4𝜋
c.) zero
d.) infinite
Correct Answer- (d) infinite
Q2. Which of the following is a correct relation according to Heisenberg’s Uncertainty principle?
a.)
b.)
c.)
d.)
Correct Answer. (c.)
Q3. The uncertainty principle applies to-
a.) macroscopic particles
b.) microscopic particles
c.) gases
d.) none of the above
Correct Answer – (b.) microscopic particles
Q4. Uncertainty principle can be easily understood with the help of-
a.) Dalton’s effect
b.) Crompton’s effect
c.) electron effect
d.) rhombic effect
Correct Answer- (b.) Crompton’s effect
Q5. The particles that are indistinguishable and obey both Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle and Pauli’s exclusion principle obey-
a.) Fermi-Dirac statistics
b.) Bose- Einstein statistics
c.) Maxwell Boltzmann distribution
d.) Sigmund distribution
Correct Answer. (a.) Fermi-Dirac statistics
Q6. Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle rules out the exact simultaneous measurement of ____ and ____.
Answer. Position and velocity.
It is impossible to accurately determine the position velocity of a small microscope particle such as an electron, proton, or neutron at the same time.
Q7. The particles that are indistinguishable and obeys Heisenberg uncertainty principle and don’t obey Pauli’s exclusion principle are ____.
Answer. The particles that are indistinguishable and obeys Heisenberg uncertainty principle and don’t obey Pauli’s exclusion principle are Bose-Einstein statistics.
Q8. If the uncertainty in the velocities of two particles A and B with masses of 1.0 × 10-27 kg and 1.0 × 10-31 kg, respectively, is the same, what will be the ratio of uncertainty in their positions?
Answer. ΔxAmAΔvA = ΔxBmBΔvB
Given, ΔvA = ΔvB
Therefore, ΔxAmA = ΔxBmB
ΔxA1.0 × 10-27 kg = ΔxB1.0 × 10-31 kg
ΔxA / ΔxB = 1.0 × 10-31 kg/1.0 × 10-27 kg = 1/10000.
Q9. Which scientists developed the uncertainty principle and the concept of matter’s wave nature?
Answer. Heisenberg and de Broglie developed the uncertainty principle and the concept of matter’s wave nature.
Q10. What are the limitations of Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle?
Answer. According to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, “it is impossible to calculate the position and momentum of a small moving object like an electron simultaneously and accurately.” The principle only applies to microscopic particles and not to macroscopic particles.
Q11. What is the order of wavelength associated with a 200g golf ball moving at a speed of 5mh–1.
Answer. The wavelength associated with a golf ball can be calculated as-
Q12. Why is it impossible to measure position and momentum at the same time?
Answer. Consider the measurement of an electron’s position to demonstrate Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. A photon must collide with an object and return to the measuring device in order to determine its position. Since photons have finite momentum, a momenta transfer will occur when the photon collides with the electron. The electron’s momentum will increase as a result of this momenta transfer. As a result, any attempt to measure a particle’s position increases the uncertainty in the value of its momentum.
Why is it impossible to measure position and momentum at the same time?
Consider the measurement of an electron’s position to demonstrate Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. A photon must collide with an object and return to the measuring device in order to determine its position. Since photons have finite momentum, a momenta transfer will occur when the photon collides with the electron. The electron’s momentum will increase as a result of this momenta transfer. As a result, any attempt to measure a particle’s position increases the uncertainty in the value of its momentum.
Q13. What does the Heisenberg uncertainty principle imply?
Answer. According to Bohr’s theory, an electron is a material particle. Its position and momentum can be calculated precisely. However, when an electron is considered in the form of a wave, as proposed by de-Broglie, it is not possible to determine the exact position and velocity of the electron at a given instant because the wave extends across a region of space.
Werner Heisenberg proposed the Heisenberg uncertainty principle in 1927, which states that “it is impossible to measure simultaneously the exact position and exact momentum of a body as small as an electron.”
Q14. What will be the uncertainty in the position of an electron (mass = 9.10–31 kg) moving at 300 ms–1 with an accuracy of 0.001 percent?
Answer.
Given- m = 9.10–31 kg, h = 6.62 × 10–34 J.s, v = 0.003 m/s
Accordig to Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
On substituting the values, we will get
Δx = 1.92 × 10–2 m
Q15. Suppose the velocity of an electron in an atom is known to have an accuracy of 2 × 103 ms–1 (reasonably accurate compared with orbital velocities). What is the electron’s minimum uncertainty in position, and how does this compare with the approximate 0.1 nm size of the atom?
Solution.
Given- Δv = 2 × 103 ms–1
Mass of an electron, m = 9.1 × 10–31 kg
Plank’s constant, h = 6.626 × 10–34 J.s
According to Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
Where p is the momentum, p = mv
Therefore, minimum uncertainty in the position can be calculated as-
Δxmin ≅ 2.89 × 108 m
Δxmin ≅28.9 nm
Siz of the atom, x = 0.1 nm
Therefore, the ratio of uncertainty in the position with the size of the atom is-
Δx/x = 28.9 nm/0.1 nm
Δx/x = 289
Hence, the uncertainty in the position is 289 times the size of the atom.
Practise Questions on Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
Q1. Which of the following statements are correct?
a.) The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle applies to electrons but not protons.
b.) It is impossible to determine simultaneously both the position and time of an electron with accuracy.
c.) It is impossible to determine simultaneously both the time and mass of an electron with accuracy.
d.) It is impossible to determine simultaneously both the time and energy of an electron with accuracy.
Q2. If the position of the electron is measured within an accuracy of +0.002 nm, the uncertainty in the momentum of the electron would be-
Q3. Which law found the correlation between the lifetime of the half-life of the alpha emitter and the alpha energies?
Q4. The uncertainty in an electron’s momentum is 1.0 × 10–5 kg m s–1. What will be its uncertainty of position?
Q5.The wavelength of an electron and a photon is 1.00 nm. Determine
(a) their momenta,
(b) photon energy,
(c) electron kinetic energy.
Click the PDF to check the answers for Practice Questions.
Download PDF
Recommended Videos
The Quantum Mechanical Model
Comments