# Integration by Parts Formula

In calculus, partial integration, commonly known as integration by parts is a process that finds the integral of product of two or more functions. This method is frequently applied to transform the antiderivative of a product of function into an antiderivative for a function. This method can be easily applied to find the function.

Integration by parts or partial integration is a theorem that relates the integral of a product of functions to the integral of their derivative and antiderivative.

Mathematically the antiderivative of a product of function can be calculated as-

If u = u(x) and du = u’(x) dx, while v = v(x) and dv = v’(x),then integration by parts states that:

The Integration by parts formula is :

$\large \int u\;v\;dx=u\int v\;dx-\int\left(\frac{du}{dx}\int v\;dx\right)dx$

Where $u$ and $v$ are the differentiable functions of $x$

Product of two functions

The theorem can be derived as follows. Suppose $u(x)$ and $v(x)$ are two continuously differentiable functions. The product rule states:

$\large \frac{d}{dx}\left(u(x)v(x)\right)=v(x)\frac{d}{dx}(u(x))+u(x)\frac{d}{dx}(v(x))$

Integrating both sides with respect to x,

$\large \int \frac{d}{dx}(u(x)v(x))dx=\int u'(x)v(x)dx+\int u(x)v'(x)dx$

then applying the definition of indefinite integral,

$\large u(x)v(x)=\int u'(x)v(x)dx+\int u(x)v'(x)dx$

$\large \int u(x)v'(x)dx=u(x)v(x)-\int u'(x)v(x)dx$

Gives the formula for integration by parts. Since $du$ and $dv$ are differentials of a function of one variable $x$,

$\large du=u'(x)dx\;\;dv=v'(x)dx$

$\large \int u(x)dv=u(x)v(x)-\int v(x)du$

The original integral $\int uv’\;dx$ contains $v’$ (derivative of $v$); in order to apply the theorem, $v$ (antiderivative of $v’$) must be found, and then the resulting integral $\int vu’\; dx$ must be evaluated.