Mendel's Laws of Inheritance

Inheritance can be defined as the process of how a child receives genetic information from the parent. The whole process of heredity is dependent upon inheritance and it is the reason that the offsprings are similar to the parents. This simply means that due to inheritance, the members of the same family possess similar characteristics.

It was only during the mid 19th century that people started to understand inheritance in a proper way. This understanding of inheritance was made possible by a scientist named Gregor Mendel, who formulated certain laws to understand inheritance known as Mendel’s laws of inheritance.

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Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance

 

Mendels Law of Inheritance

Between 1856-1863, Mendel conducted the hybridization experiments on the garden peas. During that period, he chose some distinct characteristics of the peas and conducted some cross-pollination/ artificial pollination on the pea lines that showed stable trait inheritance and underwent continuous self-pollination. Such pea lines are called true-breeding pea lines.

Also Refer: Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance: Mendel’s Contribution

Why was Pea Plant Selected for Mendel’s Experiments?

He selected a pea plant for his experiments for the following reasons:

  1. The pea plant can be easily grown and maintained.
  2. They are naturally self-pollinating but can also be cross-pollinated.
  3. It is an annual plant, therefore, many generations can be studied within a short period of time.
  4. It has several contrasting characters.

Mendel conducted 2 main experiments to determine the laws of inheritance. These experiments were:

  1. Monohybrid Cross
  2. Dihybrid Cross

While experimenting, Mendel found that certain factors were always being transferred down to the offspring in a stable way. Those factors are now called genes i.e. genes can be called the units of inheritance.

Mendel’s Experiments

Mendel experimented on a pea plant and considered 7 main contrasting traits in the plants. Then, he conducted both experiments to determine the inheritance laws. A brief explanation of the two experiments is given below.

Monohybrid Cross

In this experiment, Mendel took two pea plants of opposite traits (one short and one tall) and crossed them. He found the first generation offspring were tall and called it F1 progeny. Then he crossed F1 progeny and obtained both tall and short plants in the ratio 3:1. To know more about this experiment, visit Monohybrid Cross – Inheritance Of One Gene.

Mendel even conducted this experiment with other contrasting traits like green peas vs yellow peas, round vs wrinkled, etc. In all the cases, he found that the results were similar. From this, he formulated the laws of Segregation And Dominance.

Dihybrid Cross

In a dihybrid cross experiment, Mendel considered two traits, each having two alleles. He crossed wrinkled-green seed and round-yellow seeds and observed that all the first generation progeny (F1 progeny) were round-yellow. This meant that dominant traits were the round shape and yellow colour.

He then self-pollinated the F1 progeny and obtained 4 different traits: round-yellow, round-green, wrinkled-yellow, and wrinkled-green seeds in the ratio 9:3:3:1.

Check Dihybrid Cross and Inheritance of Two Genes to know more about this cross.

Dihybrd Cross

After conducting research for other traits, the results were found to be similar. From this experiment, Mendel formulated his second law of inheritance i.e. law of Independent Assortment.

Conclusions from Mendel’s Experiments

  • The genetic makeup of the plant is known as the genotype. On the contrary, the physical appearance of the plant is known as phenotype.
  • The genes are transferred from parents to the offspring in pairs known as alleles.
  • During gametogenesis when the chromosomes are halved, there is a 50% chance of one of the two alleles to fuse with the allele of the gamete of the other parent.
  • When the alleles are the same, they are known as homozygous alleles and when the alleles are different they are known as heterozygous alleles.

Also Refer: Mendelian Genetics

Mendel’s laws

The two experiments lead to the formulation of Mendel’s laws known as laws of inheritance which are:

  1. Law of Dominance
  2. Law of Segregation
  3. Law of Independent Assortment

Law of Dominance

This is also called Mendel’s first law of inheritance. According to the law of dominance, hybrid offspring will only inherit the dominant trait in the phenotype. The alleles that are suppressed are called the recessive traits while the alleles that determine the trait are known as the dominant traits.

Law of Segregation

The law of segregation states that during the production of gametes, two copies of each hereditary factor segregate so that offspring acquire one factor from each parent. In other words, allele (alternative form of the gene) pairs segregate during the formation of gamete and re-unite randomly during fertilization. This is also known as Mendel’s third law of inheritance.

Law of Independent Assortment

Also known as Mendel’s second law of inheritance, the law of independent assortment states that a pair of traits segregates independently of another pair during gamete formation. As the individual heredity factors assort independently, different traits get equal opportunity to occur together.

Key Points on Mendel’s Laws

  • The law of inheritance was proposed by Gregor Mendel after conducting experiments on pea plants for seven years.
  • Mendel’s laws of inheritance include law of dominance, law of segregation and law of independent assortment.
  • The law of segregation states that every individual possesses two alleles and only one allele is passed on to the offspring.
  • The law of independent assortment states that the inheritance of one pair of genes is independent of inheritance of another pair.

Also Read: Non-Mendelian Inheritance

Stay tuned with BYJU’S to learn more about Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance. You can also download the BYJU’S app for further reference on Mendel’s laws.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q1

What are the three laws of inheritance proposed by Mendel?

The three laws of inheritance proposed by Mendel include:

  • Law of Dominance
  • Law of Segregation
  • Law of Independent Assortment
Q2

Which is the universally accepted law of inheritance?

Law of segregation is the universally accepted law of inheritance. It is the only law without any exceptions. It states that each trait consists of two alleles which segregate during the formation of gametes and one allele from each parent combines during fertilization.

Q3

Why is the law of segregation known as the law of purity of gametes?

The law of segregation is known as the law of purity of gametes because a gamete carries only a recessive or a dominant allele but not both the alleles.

Q4

Why was the pea plant used in Mendel’s experiments?

Mendel picked pea plants in his experiments because the pea plant has different observable traits. It can be grown easily in large numbers and its reproduction can be manipulated. Also, pea has both male and female reproductive organs, so they can self-pollinate as well as cross-pollinate.

Q5

What was the main aim of Mendel’s experiments?

The main aim of Mendel’s experiments was:

  • To determine whether the traits would always be recessive.
  • Whether traits affect each other as they are inherited.
  • Whether traits could be transformed by DNA.

 

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  1. very nice. it is the best to study about genetics

  2. Genetic inheritance is so interesting

  3. It helped me a lot Thanks

  4. It is so amazing thanks a lot

  5. Superb, it’s interesting.

  6. It is very useful becoz all details explain in simple manner with examples

  7. AWESOME, the above notes are fabulous

  8. well that helped me a lot

  9. Thanks,
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  10. Nice resource 👍

  11. It helped me alot

  12. If Mendel gave three law the what is the law of unit of characters and who proposed this law . Please clear my doubt a little bit faster , it is little important for me.

    • The Law of unit characters was proposed by Mendel. He explained that the inheritance of a trait is controlled by unit characters or factors, which are passed from parents to offspring through the gametes. These factors are now known as genes. Each factor exists in pairs, which are known as alleles.

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