a) For which group identification Tollens test is used. Give chemical equation?
b) Give one difference between Clemmensen reduction & Wolff Kishner reduction?
c) Explain aldol reaction with chemical equation?
d) Draw orbital diagram for the formation of carbonyl group?

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Solution

a) For identification of carbonyl group of aldehydes, Tollens test is used.
$C H_{3} - C H O + 2 [A g (N H_{3})_{2}]^{+} + 3 O H^{-} Δ - \to C H_{3} - C O O^{-} + 2 A g ↓ + 2 H_{2} O + 4 N H_{3}$
b) Clemmensen reduction uses Zn/Hg and conc HCl. It is used for carbonyl compounds that are not acid sensitive. Wolff Kishner reduction uses hydrazine/KOH. It is used for carbonyl compounds that are not base sensitive.
c) Aldol reaction is condensation of two molecules of an aldehdye or a ketone (having alpha-hydrogen atom) to form $β -$ hydroxy aldehyde (aldol) or $β -$ hydroxy ketone (aldol).
For example, the aldol condensation of acetaldehyde is as shown.
$2 C H_{3} C H O d i l N a O H - ----- \to C H_{3} - C H (O H) - C H_{2} - C H O H^{+} - - \to Δ C H_{3} - C H = C H - C H O + H_{2} O$
d) The orbital diagram for the formation of carbonyl group is as shown.

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