Question

How does a bat calculate how far its prey is located. Does it do maths just as we do while solving problems?

Answer 1

Bats use sound waves to determine the location of objects. We call this echolocation, or sonar. Bats don't need a computer to work out the equations. They're able to process the information as easily as we're able to understand what we see or hear.
Bats listen to the echoes to determine an object's size and location. Bigger objects return a powerful echo. Smaller objects return a weaker version of the sound. They also know the object is located in the direction the sound returns from.
Bats can determine which way an object is moving as well. By comparing the pitch of the original sound to the pitch of the echo, they can determine if the object is moving closer or further away. An object moving away from the bats returns an echo with a lower pitch and an object moving towards will return a higher pitch. This effect is called doppler effect. By doing so they find their prey.