How does Ionisation potential, electron affinity, electro positivity, Oxidising and reducing capacity vary along a group and a period? Give reasons.
How does Ionisation potential, electron affinity, electro positivity, Oxidising and reducing capacity vary along a group and a period? Give reasons.
1. Ionisation potential: It is the minimum amount of energy required to removal of an electron from an outermost shell of a neutral, gaseous, isolated atom.
Variation : In a group - I.E decreases from top to bottom due to the increase in the atomic size of the atoms as the electrons enter into new shell every time and due to the decrease in the effective nuclear charge removal of electron requires less energy.
In a period: I.E increases from left to right due to the decrease in the atomic size of the atoms as the electrons enter into same shell every time and due to the increase in the effective nuclear charge removal of electron requires more energy.
2. Electron affinity: It is the amount of energy released when an electron is added to an outermost shell of a neutral, gaseous, isolated atom.
Variation: In a group - E.A decreases from top to bottom due to the increase in the atomic size of the atoms as the electrons enter into new shell every time and due to the decrease in the effective nuclear charge addition of electron releases less energy.
In a period:E.A increases from left to right due to the decrease in the atomic size of the atoms as the electrons enter into same shell every time and due to the increase in the effective nuclear charge addition of electron releases more energy.
3. Electro positivity: It is the tendency of an atom to lose its extra electrons from the valence shell and turn into a positively charged particle.
Variation : In a group - E.P increases from top to bottom due to the increase in the atomic size of the atoms as the electrons enter into new shell every time and due to the decrease in the effective nuclear charge, electrons can be lost from the valence shell easily.
In a period: E.P decreases from left to right due to the decrease in the atomic size of the atoms as the electrons enter into same shell every time and due to the increase in the effective nuclear charge, loss of electron is not easy.
4. Oxidation : The loss of electrons or gain of oxygen by an atom is called oxidation.
5. Reducing capacity: The capacity of an atom to loose electrons and help other atom to gain electrons is called reducing capacity and they act as metals.
Variation : In a group - reducing nature increases from top to bottom due to the increase in the atomic size of the atoms as the electrons enter into new shell every time and due to the decrease in the effective nuclear charge, electrons can be lost from the valence shell easily.
In a period: reducing nature decreases from left to right due to the decrease in the atomic size of the atoms as the electrons enter into same shell every time and due to the increase in the effective nuclear charge, loss of electron is not easy.
6.Reduction: The gain of electrons or loss of oxygen by an atom is called reduction.
7.Oxidising capacity: The capacity of an atom to gain electrons and help other atom to loose electrons is called oxidising capacity and they act as non-metals.
Variation : In a group - oxidising nature decreases from top to bottom due to the increase in the atomic size of the atoms as the electrons enter into new shell every time and due to the decrease in the effective nuclear charge, gaining of electron is not easy.
In a period: oxidising nature increases from left to right due to the decrease in the atomic size of the atoms as the electrons enter into same shell every time and due to the increase in the effective nuclear charge, gaining of electron is easy.
1. Ionisation potential: It is the minimum amount of energy required to removal of an electron from an outermost shell of a neutral, gaseous, isolated atom.
Variation : In a group - I.E decreases from top to bottom due to the increase in the atomic size of the atoms as the electrons enter into new shell every time and due to the decrease in the effective nuclear charge removal of electron requires less energy.
In a period: I.E increases from left to right due to the decrease in the atomic size of the atoms as the electrons enter into same shell every time and due to the increase in the effective nuclear charge removal of electron requires more energy.
2. Electron affinity: It is the amount of energy released when an electron is added to an outermost shell of a neutral, gaseous, isolated atom.
Variation: In a group - E.A decreases from top to bottom due to the increase in the atomic size of the atoms as the electrons enter into new shell every time and due to the decrease in the effective nuclear charge addition of electron releases less energy.
In a period:E.A increases from left to right due to the decrease in the atomic size of the atoms as the electrons enter into same shell every time and due to the increase in the effective nuclear charge addition of electron releases more energy.
3. Electro positivity: It is the tendency of an atom to lose its extra electrons from the valence shell and turn into a positively charged particle.
Variation : In a group - E.P increases from top to bottom due to the increase in the atomic size of the atoms as the electrons enter into new shell every time and due to the decrease in the effective nuclear charge, electrons can be lost from the valence shell easily.
In a period: E.P decreases from left to right due to the decrease in the atomic size of the atoms as the electrons enter into same shell every time and due to the increase in the effective nuclear charge, loss of electron is not easy.
4. Oxidation : The loss of electrons or gain of oxygen by an atom is called oxidation.
5. Reducing capacity: The capacity of an atom to loose electrons and help other atom to gain electrons is called reducing capacity and they act as metals.
Variation : In a group - reducing nature increases from top to bottom due to the increase in the atomic size of the atoms as the electrons enter into new shell every time and due to the decrease in the effective nuclear charge, electrons can be lost from the valence shell easily.
In a period: reducing nature decreases from left to right due to the decrease in the atomic size of the atoms as the electrons enter into same shell every time and due to the increase in the effective nuclear charge, loss of electron is not easy.
6.Reduction: The gain of electrons or loss of oxygen by an atom is called reduction.
7.Oxidising capacity: The capacity of an atom to gain electrons and help other atom to loose electrons is called oxidising capacity and they act as non-metals.
Variation : In a group - oxidising nature decreases from top to bottom due to the increase in the atomic size of the atoms as the electrons enter into new shell every time and due to the decrease in the effective nuclear charge, gaining of electron is not easy.
In a period: oxidising nature increases from left to right due to the decrease in the atomic size of the atoms as the electrons enter into same shell every time and due to the increase in the effective nuclear charge, gaining of electron is easy.
