How many valence electrons are present in sodium with atomic number $11$ ?

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Solution

Valence electrons are found in the highest energy s and p orbitals in the main group of elements. The electron configuration for a neutral sodium is
$1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{1}$
The highest energy 3s orbital contains one electron, therefore, neutral sodium atoms have one valence electron.

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