Question

Write down the main characteristics of:
(a) s-block elements
(b) p-block elements
(c) d-block elements
(d) f-block elements

Answer 1

(a) s-block elements:

All of the s-block elements are unified by the fact that their valence electrons (outermost electrons) are in an s orbital. The s orbital is spherical and can be occupied by a maximum of two electrons. All of the s-block elements are metals. In general, they are shiny, silvery, good conductors of heat and electricity and lose their valence electrons easily. In fact, they lose their trademark s orbital valence electrons so easily that the s-block elements are the most reactive elements.

(b) p- block elements:

Following are the properties of p-block elements.

• They are solids/liquids/gases at room temperature ($Br$ is liquid)
• They have variable oxidation states
• They form acidic oxides
• Generally, they form covalent compounds
  
• Halogens form salts with alkali metals
• They have high ionization potentials
• They have very large electron gain enthalpies
• The aqueous solutions their oxides are acidic in nature.

(c) d-block elements:

• Form stable complexes
• Have high melting and boiling points
• Contain large charge/radius ratio
• Form compounds which are often paramagnetic
• Are hard and possess high densities
• Form compounds with profound catalytic activity
• Show variable oxidation states
• Form coloured ions and compounds.

(d) f-block elements:

• They are usually heavy metals
• These elements have a generally higher melting and boiling point
• They display a variety of oxidisation states
• These elements tend to form coloured ions
• They form complex compounds