Write down the reactions taking place in different zones in the blast furnace during the extraction of iron.

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Solution

In blast furnace, iron oxides are reduced at different temperature ranges. In the lower part of the blast furnace, the temperature is as high as $2200 K$ . It is called combustion zone. At the top, the temperature is as low as $500 - 800 K$ . It is called reduction zone. In the lower temperature range, carbon is the reducing agent and in the higher temperature range, $C O$ is the reducing agent. In the reduction zone ( $500 - 800 K$ ), following reactions occur.
$3 F e_{2} O_{3} + C O \to 2 F e_{3} O_{4} + C O_{2}$
$F e_{3} O_{4} + 4 C O \to 3 F e + 4 C O_{2}$
$F e_{2} O_{3} + C O \to 2 F e O + C O_{2}$
In the temperature range 900-1500 K, following reactions occur.
$C + C O_{2} \to 2 C O$
$F e O + C O \to F e + C O_{2}$
Around 1270 K (middle portion), decomposition of limestone gives lime ( $C a O$ ) and $C O_{2}$ . Lime is a flux and combines with silicate impurity to form slag of calcium silicate.
$C a C O_{3} \to C a O + C O_{2}$
$C a O + S i O_{2} \to C a S I O_{3}$

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