Revised Science Syllabus for Class 9 Telangana board 2021-22

1. Matter around us:
   1. States of matter
   2. Properties of solids, liquids and gases
      1. Shape and volume
      2. Identifying the shape and volume of liquids
      3. Do the gases have definite shape and fixed volume
      4. Compressibility
      5. Observing compressibility of different materials
   3. Diffusion
      1. Observing diffusion of gases
      2. Observing the diffusion of liquids
      3. Observing diffusion of particles of solids into liquids
      4. Diffusion of two gases
   4. Can matter change its state ?
   5. What is matter made up of
      1. How small are the particles of matter
      2. Space between particles
   6. Particles of matter attract each other
      1. Observing the force of attraction between the particles of matter.
   7. How diffusion takes place
   8. Effect of temperature on change of state
   9. Effects of change of pressure on change of state
   10. Evaporation
       1. Effects of surface area, humidity and wind speed on evaporation
       2. Experience with evaporation

1. Motion
   1. What is relative
   2. Motion is relative
      1. Distance and displacement
         1. Drawing path and distinguishing between distance and displacement
         2. Drawing displacement vectors
   3. Average speed and average velocity
      1. Measuring average speed and average velocity
      2. Speed and velocity
      3. Observing direction of motion of a body
   4. Uniform motion
   5. Non uniform motion
      1. Observing the motion of a ball on an inclined plane
      2. Observing uniform circular motion
      3. Observing motion of an object thrown into the air
   6. Acceleration
      1. Equations of uniform accelerated motion
      2. Finding the acceleration and velocity of an object moving on an inclined plane

1. Laws of motion
   1. An introduction into laws of motion – thought of Galileo
   2. First law of motion
      1. Observing motion of coin kept on thick paper
      2. Observing motion of the coins hit by a striker
   3. Inertia and mass
      1. Pushing two wooden blocks with same force
   4. Second law of motion
      1. Linear momentum
         1. Net force – acceleration
         2. Mass – acceleration
         3. Atwood machine
   5. Third law of motion
      1. Pulling two spring balances
      2. Balloon rocket
      3. Action and reaction forces acting on two different objects
   6. Conservation of momentum
      1. Dropping eggs on different surfaces – net force on egg

1. Refraction of light at plane surface
   1. Refraction
   2. Refractive index
   3. Relative refractive index
      1. Obtaining the relation between angle of incidence and angle of refraction – Snell’s law
      2. Derivation of Snell’s Law
   4. Total internal reflection
      1. Mirages
   5. Applications of total internal reflection
      1. Brilliance of diamonds
      2. Optical Fibres
   6. Reflection through a glass slab
      1. Lateral shift
      2. Vertical shift

1. Gravitation
   1. Uniform circular motion
      1. Observing the motion of an object moving in a circular path
      2. Drawing velocity vectors in uniform circular motions
      3. Centripetal acceleration, Centripetal Force
   2. Universal law of gravitation
      1. Acceleration is independent of masses
      2. What is the direction of ‘g’ ?
   3. Weight
      1. Can we measure the weight of free fall body?
      2. Observing changes during the free fall of a body
   4. Centre of gravity
      1. Balancing objects
      2. Locating centre of gravity
   5. Stability
   6. Shift of the centre of gravity and its effects

1. Is matter pure ?
   1. Is full cream pure ?
   2. What is mixture ?
   3. Types of mixtures (homogeneous, heterogeneous)
   4. Solutions
      1. Properties of Solutions
      2. Concentration of Solutions
      3. Preparation of saturated and unsaturated solutions
      4. Factors affecting the rate of dissolving
   5. Suspensions and colloids
      1. Finding of heterogeneous mixture – suspensions and colloids
   6. Separations of components of a mixture
      1. Sublimation – Separation of mixtures by sublimation
      2. Evaporation – Process of Evaporation of Water
   7. Chromatography – Paper Chromatography
   8. Separation of immiscible and miscible liquids
      1. Separation of immiscible liquids
      2. Separation of mixture of two immiscible liquids
      3. Distillation – Separation of two miscible liquids by distillation
      4. Fractional distillation.
   9. Types of pure substances
      1. Can we separate Sulphur and Oxygen from Copper Sulphate
      2. Understanding the nature of elements, compounds and mixtures

1.  Atoms Molecules and Chemical Reaction
   1. An introduction about atoms
   2. Change of mass in chemical reactions
   3. Law of conservation of mass
   4. Law of constant proportions
   5. Dalton’s atomic theory
      1. Atoms and molecules
   6. Why do we name elements ?
   7. Symbols of elements
   8. Some unusual symbols
   9. Elements with more than one atom in their molecules
   10. Atomicity
   11. Valency
   12. What is ion ?
   13. Atomic mass
   14. Molecules of compounds
       1. Chemical formulae of compounds(Criss-Cross method)
   15. Molecular mass
   16. Formula unit mass
   17. Mole concept
       1. Molar mass
   18. Types of Chemical Reactions
       1. Combinations reaction : (Exothermic chemical reactions, Endothermic reactions)
       2. Decomposition reaction : (Thermal, Electrolytic, Photochemical reactions- examples without mentioning names)
       3. Displacement reaction
       4. Double displacement reaction
   19. Oxidation and Reduction
   20. How you observe the effects of Oxidation reactions in daily life
       1. Corrosion and prevention of corrosion
       2. Combustion
       3. Yeast reaction
       4. Bleaching
       5. Rancidity

1. Floating bodies
   1. Can objects sink or float ? (fun activity)
   2. Density – relative density
   3. Relative density of liquids
      1. Making of lactometer
   4. When do objects float on water ?
      1. Do objects denser than water float on it ?
      2. Is the weight of object and weight of water displaced by it equal ?
      3. Making aluminium to float
   5. Upward force in liquids
   6. Pressure of Air
      1. Atmospheric pressure
      2. Measuring atmospheric pressure
   7. Pressure at a depth ‘h’ in a liquid
      1. Pressure difference at different levels of depth in fluids
   8. Measuring the force of buoyancy
      1. Measuring the weight of the water displaced by the immersed stone
   9. Archimedes’ principles
   10. Pascal’s principle – Bramah press

1. What is inside atom
   1. Subatomic particles
      1. Electrons, protons, neutrons
   2. Structure of atom
      1. Sketch the structure of atoms as you imagine
   3. Thomson’s Model of atom
   4. Rutherford’s alpha particles scattering experiment – Rutherford’s observations
      1. Nuclear model of an Atom – Limitations of Rutherford’s atomic model
   5. Bohr’s model of the atom
   6. Distribution of electrons in different orbits (shells)
   7. Valency
      1. Importance of valency
   8. Atomic number
   9. Atomic mass number
   10. Writing symbols of atoms
   11. Isotopes
       1. Applications of isotopes

1. Work and Energy
   1. Work
      1. Scientific meaning of the work
      2. Definition of work in science
   2. Energy
      1. Energy transfer and work
      2. Understanding the increase and decrease in energy of an object
   3. Kinetic energy
      1. Mathematical Expression for Kinetic energy
   4. Potential energy
      1. Observing energy in stretched rubber band
      2. Observing the energy in an object at some height
   5. Mechanical energy
   6. Conversion of energy
      1. Conservation of mechanical energy
      2. Calculating total energy of free fall at different heights
   7. Power
   8. Sources of Energy
      1. Source of Energy
      2. Fuels
   9. Renewable energy Resources
      1. Solar energy, Solar Cells
      2. Biomass
      3. Biogas
      4. Ocean energy
         1. Tidal energy
         2. Motion Thermal energy
      5. Geothermal energy
      6. Wind energy
      7. Atomic energy
         1. Nuclear Fission
         2. Nuclear Fusion

1. Heat
   1. Thermal equilibrium – Heat and Temperature
      1. Heat
      2. Temperature and Kinetic Energy
   2. Specific heat
      1. Applications of Specific Heat capacity
   3. Methods of mixtures
      1. Principle of method of mixtures – Determination of specific heat of a solid
   4. Evaporation, Condensation, Humidity, Dew and Fog, Boiling, Melting, Freezing

1. Sound
   1. Sound is a form of energy
   2. Production of sound
      1. Observing the vibration of tuning fork
   3. How does sound travel
      1. Propagation of sound
   4. Types of waves
      1. Transverse waves
      2. Sound waves are Longitudinal waves
   5. Characteristics of sound wave
      1. Wave length
      2. Amplitude
      3. Time period, frequency
      4. Speed of sound wave
   6. Characteristics of musical waves
      1. Pitch
      2. Loudness
      3. Quality
   7. Reflection of sound
      1. Listening reflected sound – Echo
      2. Reverberation
      3. Uses of multiple reflection of sound
         1. Megaphone, Horm
         2. Stethoscope
         3. Designing of Concert halls and Cinema halls
   8. Range of Hearing
   9. Applications of ultrasounds
      1. industrial applications
      2. Medical applications
   10. Sonar

1. Cell structure and functions
   1. Typical cell
      1. Comparing Plant and Animal cell
      2. Cell membrane (Plasma membrane)
         1. Cell wall
         2. Nucleus
         3. Eukaryotic cell
         4. Prokaryotic cell
         5. Cytoplasm
      3. Protoplasm – Cytoplasm
      4. Cell organelles
         1. Endoplasmic Reticulum
         2. Ribosomes
         3. Lysosomes
         4. Golgi complex
         5. Mitochondria
         6. Vacuoles
   2. Plastids – Chloroplasts
   3. Are cells flat ?
   4. Where do cells form from ?

1. Plant tissues
   1. Parts of the plants – their functions
      1. Observing the cells in leaf and onion peels
      2. Observing the cells in root tip
      3. Observing growing roots in onion
   2. Plants
      1. Tissues
         1. Meristematic tissues
         2. Dermal tissue
         3. Ground tissue
         4. Vascular tissue
      2. Meristematic tissues
         1. Apical meristem
         2. Lateral meristem
         3. Intercalary meristem
   3. Observing the tissues in transverse section of a dicot stem
   4. Dermal tissue – observing epidermal cells in Rhoeo leaf
   5. Ground tissue – Parenchyma, Sclerenchyma, Collenchyma
      1. Parenchyma – Chlorenchyma, Aerenchyma, Storage tissue
   6. Vascular Tissue – Xylem, Phloem (Vascular Bundles)

1. Animal Tissues
   1. Organ systems – functions
      1. Observing tissues
      2. Observing the cells in the blood sample
   2. Different types of Animal tissues
      1. Epithelial Tissues
      2. Connective tissue
      3. Muscular Tissues
      4. Nervous tissue
   3. Epithelial tissue – Columnar, Cuboidal, Squamous Epithelial tissue – characteristics.
   4. Connective tissue – Areolar, Adipose, Skeletal tissue
      1. Bone, Cartilage, Ligament, Tendon 3
   5. Blood Tissue
      1. Blood tissue – Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells,Blood – Platelets

White Blood Cells – Granulocytes (Nutrophile, Basophils, Eosinophils – Agranulocytes (Lymphocytes, monocytes)

1. 1. 1. 3.5.2 Blood Flow, Blood clotting
   2. Blood Groups – Universal Acceptors, universal donors, Blood grouping – Testing.
   3. Nervous tissue

1. Movement of materials across the cell membrane
   1. The Substances that get into and go out of the cell
      1. Solutions and their concentration (Sugar solution)
      2. Observing the changes of kishmish when placed in sugar solution and tap water.
   2. Osmosis – the flow of liquids through selectively permeable membrane
      1. Filtration
      2. Functions of Plasma membrane
      3. Flow of substances through Plasma membrane
      4. Importance of Osmosis in living organisms
   3. Diffusion

1. Diversity in living organisms
   1. Observing diversity in plants
      1. Identifying the plants based on selected characters / features
      2. Observing the seeds
      3. Observing the characters of monocot and dicot plants
   2. Diversity in animals
      1. Observing external characters in Insects
      2. Variations / Diversity in Human beings, Diversity in plants (based on selected characters)
   3. Classification – the concept, its need – evolution of life
      1. Classification – its Historic elements; binomial nomenclature
      2. Method of classification – the five kingdom classification proposed by Whittaker
         1. Monera
         2. Protista
         3. Plantae
         4. Fungi
         5. Animalia
   4. Classification of Plant Kingdom
   5. Classification of Animal Kingdom

1. Sense Organs
   1. Sense organs – Opinions of our ancestors
   2. What do our sense do ? / How do sense organs help us ?
      1. Stimulus – Response
   3. Eye-its structure, cells and tissues / structure of the eye-cells – and tissues in the eye
      1. Functioning of the eye
      2. Eye and Illusions
      3. Taking care of our eyes, diseases and defects of the Eye – An understanding
   4. Ear – its external and internal structure
      1. Ear – the hearing / auditory sensation
      2. Functions of the ear, caring for the ears
   5. Structure of the Nose
      1. The smell or olfactory sense – How do we know the sense of smell ?
      2. Taking care of nose
   6. Structure of the Tongue
      1. How do we know the taste ?
      2. Taking care of the Tongue
   7. Structure of the skin
      1. How does the skin convey the sense of touch ?
      2. Skin diseases, taking care of skin

1. Animal behaviour
   1. Animals behave in different ways / or Animals exhibit different behaviour
   2. Different types of Animal behaviour
      1. Instinct
      2. Imprinting
      3. Conditioning
      4. Imitation
   3. Pavlov Experiments on conditioning
   4. Human behaviour : Instinct, imitation, conditioning
      1. Investigating behaviour in the field, laboratory
      2. Investigation in the field – tagging
   5. Animals – and their intelligence

1. Challenges in improving agricultural products
   1. Relationship between population growth of population and the need for food
      1. Need of improving agricultural produce
   2. How to increase the food production ?
      – High yielding varieties
      – Irrigation facilities
      1. Relationship between water and crop yield.
      2. Plant nutrients / or nutrients needed by the plants
      3. Crop Rotation
      4. Cultivating mixed crops
      5. Organic manure
      6. Chemical Fertilizers
   3. Soil testing
   4. Conventional manures
      1. Vermicompost
      2. Panchagavya
   5. Organic farming
      1. The long-term effect of chemical fertilizers on the yield of the crop
   6. Crop protection
      1. Weeds
      2. Plant – Diseases – Prevention (Pesticides)

1. Adaptations in different Ecosystems
   1. Ecosystems
      1. Ecosystems – Adaptations in Plants
   2. Desert Ecosystem – Adaptations in plants and animals
   3. Aquatic Ecosystem – Adaptations in plants and animals
      1. Marine Ecosystem – Adaptations in plants and animals
      2. Aquatic organisms – The secrets of swimming
      3. The zones in the marine ecosystem on the basis of availability of light at different depths.
         1. Euphotic zone
         2. Bathyal zone
         3. Abyssal zone
      4. Zones in the freshwater Ecosystem
         1. Littoral zone
         2. Limnetic zone
         3. Profundal zone
   4. Water salinity – Adaptations
   5. Adaptations to temperature in plants, animals
      1. Hibernation and Aestivation
      2. Symbiosis (Lichens)
   6. Adaptations – Evolution (story of Darwin’s Finches)

1. Soil Pollution
   1. What is soil ?
      1. What is soil ?
      2. Soil properties – Physical, Chemical and Biological properties of the soil
   2. Soil fertility
   3. Soil pollution
      1. Fertility of soil due to decomposition of wastes
      2. Soil pollution – Wastes
         1. Biodegradable wastes
         2. Non-biodegradable wastes
   4. Causes of land pollution
      1. Manures and Chemicals
      2. Biomagnification
      3. Solid wastes
      4. Deforestation
      5. Urbanization
      6. Pollution of underground soil
   5. Effects of soil pollution on Environment
   6. Control measures of soil pollution
      1. Bioremediation, soil conservation

1. Biogeochemical cycles
   1. Pollution, concept of biogeochemical cycles in relation to ecosystems – an understanding
   2. Water cycle 1
   3. Nitrogen cycle
      1. Nitrogen fixation
      2. Nitrification
      3. Assimilation
      4. Ammonification
      5. Denitrification
      6. Nitrogen cycle and human intervention
   4. Carbon cycle
      1. Photosynthesis – Carbon – fixation
      2. Carbon Dioxide cycling and storage
      3. Carbon cycle – Human intervention
         1. Global warming
         2. The greenhouse effect
   5. Oxygen cycle
      1. Oxygen cycle
      2. Ozone layer and its effect