What isΒ Electrostatics?Β
Study of stationary electric charges at rest is known as electrostatics. An electroscope is used to detect the charge on a body.Β Pith ball electroscope is used to detect a charge and to know the nature of the charge.Β Gold leaf electroscope which was invented by Bennet detects a charge and the nature of the charge and determines the quantity of the charge.
Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors
- A body in which electric charge can easily flow through is called conductor (e.g. metals).
- A body in which electric charge cannot flow is called insulator or dielectric. (e.g. glass, wool, rubber, plastic, etc.)
- Substances which are intermediate between conductors and insulators are called semiconductors. (e.g. silicon, germanium, etc)
Dielectric Strength: It is the minimum field intensity that should be applied to break down the insulating property of insulator.
- Dielectric strength of air = 3 x 106 V/m
- Dielectric strength of Teflon = 60Β Γ 106 Vmβ1
The maximum charge a sphere can hold depends on the size and dielectric strength of the medium in which the sphere is placed.
- The maximum charge density of a sphere of radius βRβ in terms of electric intensity E at a distance in free space is EΞ΅0(R/r)2.
- When the electric field in the air exceeds its dielectric strength air molecules become ionized and are accelerated by fields and the air becomes conducting.
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Surface Charge Density (\(\begin{array}{l}\sigma\end{array} \))
The charge per unit area of a conductor is defined as surface charge density.
Its unit is coulomb/ meter and its dimensions are ATLβ2. It is used in the formula for the charged disc, charged conductor and an infinite sheet of charge etc.Β Β Surface Charge Density depends on the shape of the conductor and presence of other conductors and insulators in the vicinity of the conductor.
- \(\begin{array}{l}\sigma\alpha \frac{1}{r^{2}}\;i.e.\frac{\sigma_1}{\sigma_2} = \frac{r_{2}^{2}}{r_{1}^{2}}\end{array} \)
- \(\begin{array}{l}\sigma\end{array} \)is maximum at pointed surfaces and for plane surfaces it is minimum.
- Surface Charge Density is maximum at the corners of rectangular laminas and at the vertex of the conical conductor.
Electric Flux
The number of electric lines of force crossing a surface normal to the area gives electric flux
Electric flux through an elementary area ds is defined as the scalar product of area and field.
d
Or,
- Electric Flux will be maximum when electric field is normal to the area (\(\begin{array}{l}(d\phi = Eds)\end{array} \))
- Electric Flux will be minimum when field is parallel to area (\(\begin{array}{l}(d\phi = 0)\end{array} \))
- For a closed surface, outward flux is positive and inward flux is negative.
Electric potential (V)
The electric potential at a point in a field is the amount of work done in bringing a unit +ve charge from infinity to the point. It is equal to the Electric potential energy of unit + ve charge at that point.
- It is a scalar
- S.I unit is volt
Electric Potential at a distance βdβ due to a point charge q in air or vacuum is V =
Electric Potential (V) = β
A positive charge in a field moves from high potential to low potential whereas electron moves from low potential to high potential when left free. Work done in moving a charge q through a potential difference V is W = q V joule
- Gain in the Kinetic energy: \(\begin{array}{l}\frac{1}{2}m{{v}^{2}}=qV\end{array} \)
- Gain in the velocity: \(\begin{array}{l}v\,\,=\sqrt{\frac{2qV}{m}}\end{array} \)
Equipotential Surface
A surface on which all points are at the same potential.
- Electric field is perpendicular to the equipotential surface
- Work done in moving a charge on the equipotential surface is zero.
In the case of a Hollow Charged Sphere.
- Intensity at any point inside the sphere is zero.
- Intensity at any point on the surface is same and it is maximum \(\begin{array}{l}\frac{1}{4\pi {{\varepsilon }_{0}}}.\frac{q}{{{r}^{2}}}\end{array} \)
- Outside the sphere \(\begin{array}{l}\frac{1}{4\pi {{\varepsilon }_{0}}}.\frac{q}{{{d}^{2}}}\end{array} \)i.e.d = distance from the centre. It behaves as if the whole charge is at its centre.
Electric field Intensity in vector form
The resultant electric field intensity obeys the principle of superposition.
In the Case of Solid Charged Sphere
The potential at any point inside the sphere is the same as that at any point on its surface
V =
It is an equipotential surface. Outside the sphere, the potential varies inversely as the distance of the point from the centre.
V =
Note: Inside a non-conducting charged sphere electric field is present.
Electric intensity inside the sphere
E =
Here, d is the distance from the centre of the sphere and E
Electron volt
This is the unit of energy in particle physics and is represented as eV.
- 1 eV = 1.602 x 10β19 J.
Charged Particle in Electric Field
When a positive test charge is fired in the direction of an electric field
- It accelerates,
- Its kinetic energy increases
- Its potential energy decreases.
A charged particle of mass m carrying a charge q and falling through a potential V acquires a speed of
Electric Dipole
Two equal and opposite charges separated by a constant distance is called electric dipole.
Dipole Moment
ItΒ is the product of one of the charges and the distance between the charges. It is a vector directed from the negative charge towards the positive charge along the line joining the two charges.
The torque acting on an electric dipole placed in a uniform electric field is given by the relation
β The electric intensity (E) on the axial line at a distanceβdβ from the center of an electric dipole is
β For a short dipole i.e., if l2 << d2, then the electric intensity on equatorial line is given by
E =
β The potential due to an electric dipole on the axial line is V =
When two unlike equal charges +Q and βQ are separated by a distance
- The net electric potential is zero on the perpendicular bisector of the line joining the charges.
- The bisector is equipotential and zero potential line.
- Work done in moving a charge on this line is zero.
- Electric intensity at any point on the bisector is perpendicular to the bisector.
- Electric intensity at any point on the bisector parallel to the bisector is zero.
Combined field due to two Point Charges
Due to two Similar Charges
If charges q1 and q2 are separated by a distance βrβ, null point ( where resulting field intensity is zero) is formed on the line joining those two charges.
- Null point is formed within the charges.
- Null point is located nearer to weak charge.
If x is distance of null point from q1,
(weak charge) then
Due to two Dissimilar Charges
- If q1 and q2 are unlike charges then null point is formed on the line joining two charges.
- Null point is formed outside the charges.
- Null point is from nearer weak charge.
- x is the distance of null point from q1(weak charge) then\(\begin{array}{l}\frac{{{\text{q}}_{\text{1}}}}{{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}}\,\,=\,\,\frac{{{q}_{2}}}{{{(r+x)}^{2}}}\end{array} \)Β\(\begin{array}{l}\Rightarrow \,\,x\,\,=\,\,\frac{r}{\sqrt{{{q}_{2}}/{{q}_{1}}\,}\,\,-1}\end{array} \)
In the above formulae
Zero Potential point due to two Charges
- If two unlike charges q1 and q2 are separated by a distance βrβ, the net potential is zero at two points on the line joining them.
- One in between them and the other outside the charges.
- Both the points are nearer to weak charge (q1).
Due to two similar charges zero potential point is not formed.
Electric Lines of Force
The line of force is the path along which a unit +ve charge, accelerates in the electric field.Β The tangent at any point to the line of force gives the direction of the field at that point.
Properties ofΒ Electric Lines of Force
- Two lines of force never intersect.
- The number of lines of force passing normally through a unit area around a point is numerically equal to E, the strength of the field at the point.
- Lines of force always leave or end normally on a charged conductor.
- Electric lines of force can never be closed loops.
- Lines of force have a tendency to contract longitudinally and exert a force of repulsion on one another laterally.
- If in a region of space there is no electric field, there will be no lines of force. Inside a conductor, there cannot be any line of force.
The number of lines of force passing normally through a unit area around a point is numerically equal to E.
In a uniform field, lines of force are parallel to one another.
Difference between electric lines of force and magnetic lines of force
- Electric lines of force never form closed loops while magnetic lines are always closed loops.
- Electric lines of force do not exist inside a conductor but magnetic lines of force may exist inside a magnetic material.
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Frequently Asked Questions on Electrostatics
Is the electrostatic force between the two-point charges a central force?
Yes. The electrostatic force between two point charges always acts along the line joining the two charges. Hence it is a central charge.
When is the electrostatic force between two given charges maximum for a given separation between them?
The electrostatic force between two given charges separated by a certain distance is maximum when the charges are in air or vacuum.
Does electrostatic force obey Newtonβs third law?
Yes. If charge q1 exerts a force on q2 then q2 exerts an equal and opposite for on q1.
What is charging by conduction?
Charging by conduction is a method by which a conductor is charged by bringing a charged body in contact with the conductor.