Ellipse is an important topic for the JEE exam. An ellipse is the set of all points on a plane whose distance from two points adds up to a constant. In this article, we have included the definition, ellipse equation and properties of an ellipse, which will help students to have a deep understanding of the topic. Some of the most important equations of an ellipse include area and circumference, tangent equation, tangent equation in slope form, chord equation, normal equation and the equation of chord joining the points of the ellipse.

What Is an Ellipse?

An ellipse is a locus of a point which moves in such a way that its distance from a fixed point (focus) to its perpendicular distance from a fixed straight line (directrix) is constant, i.e., eccentricity(e), which is less than unity.

(0 < e < 1)

Definitions of an Ellipse

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Standard Equation of an Ellipse

The standard equation of an ellipse is given as:

(x²/ a²) + (y² / b²) = 1 For, a>b

Standard eqn of ellipse

So, from the definition

[(SP) / (PM)] = e < 1 where P(x,y) is variable point.

(x − ae)² + (y − 0)² = e² [(x – a/e) / 1]²

\begin{array}{l} \frac{x^{2}}{a^{2}} + \frac{y^{2}}{a^{2} (1 - e^{2})} = 1 \end{array}

⇒ x² (1 – e²) + y² = a² (1 – e²)

Comparing both equations,

b² = a² (1 – e²) e²= [(a² – b²) / a²]

Where a ⇒ Semi major axis.

b ⇒ Semi minor axis.

Latus Rectum of an Ellipse

latus rectum of ellipse

Chord LSL’ is called latus rectum

(x^{2 /}a² + y² / b²)= 1, substitute (x = ae)

(a² e² / a²) + (y² / b²) = y² = b² (1 – e²) y² = (b⁴/ a²) y = ± (b²/ a) ⇒ (b²/ a), (−b²/ a)

Length of latus rectum = 2b²/a

Important Points to Remember:

Length of major axis = 2a
Length of minor axis = 2b
Equation of directrix, x = + a/e
Length of latus rectum = (2b² / a)
Circle is a particular case of an ellipse, where e = 0
C (0, 0) is centre of ellipse.

Area of an ellipse

The area of an ellipse = πab, where a is the semi major axis and b is the semi minor axis.

Circumference of an ellipse

The approximate value of the circumference of an ellipse can be calculated as,

\begin{array}{l} L = π \sqrt{2 (a^{2} + b^{2})} \end{array}

Position of point related to ellipse

Let the point p(x₁, y₁) and ellipse

(x² / a²) + (y² / b²) = 1

If [(x₁²/ a²)+ (y₁² / b²) − 1)]

= 0 {on the curve}

< 0 {inside the curve}

> 0 {outside the curve}

The parametric form of the equation of an ellipse

x = a cos θ

y = b sin θ

[(x² / a²)+ (y² / b²)] = 1

Auxiliary Circle

Auxiliary circle

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Some Important Equations of an Ellipse

Some most important equations of an ellipse include tangent, tangent equation in slope form, chord equation, normal equation and the equation of chord joining the points of the ellipse. All these equations are explained below in detail.

Tangent of ellipse

The tangent of an ellipse is a line that touches a point on the curve of the ellipse.

Let the equation of ellipse be [(x² / a²) + (y² / b²)] = 1

The slope at point p(x₁, y₁)

Equation of tangent

y – y₁ = [(− b² x₁ ) / (a² y₁)] (x – x₁)

⇒ (xx₁ / a² ) + (yy₁ / b²) = 1, point form

⇒ at point (a cos θ, b sin θ), the equation of tangent is (x cos θ / a) + (y sin θ / b) = 1

⇒ Tangent in slope form y = mx + c

Where,

\begin{array}{l} C = \pm \sqrt{a^{2} m^{2} + b^{2}} \end{array}

\begin{array}{l} \Rightarrow y = m x \pm \sqrt{a^{2} m^{2} + b^{2}} \end{array}

Equation of tangent in slope form

Tangent from an external point p(x₁, y₁) to the ellipse

(x² / a²) + (y² / b²) = 1.

SS₁ = T²

S ≡ (x² / a²) + (y² / b²) −1=0

S1 ≡ [(x₁² / a²) + (y₁² / b²)] – 1 = 0

T ≡ [(xx₁ / a²) + (yy₁ / b²)] – 1 = 0

tangent slope form

Equation of chord with midpoint (x₁, y₁)

The chord of an ellipse is a straight line which passes through two points on the ellipse’s curve. The chord equation of an ellipse having the midpoint as x₁ and y₁ will be:

T = S₁

(xx₁ / a²) + (yy₁ / b²) = (x₁² / a²) + (y₁² / b²)

Equation of normal to an ellipse

The normal to an ellipse bisects the angle between the lines to the foci. The equation of the normal to an ellipse is:

Normal at point p (x₁, y₁)

[(x – x₁) / (x₁ /a²)] = [(y – y₁) / (y₁ / b²)]

Normal at point p (a cos θ, b sin θ)

\begin{array}{l} \frac{x - a c o s θ}{\frac{a c o s θ}{a^{2}}} = \frac{y - b s i n θ}{\frac{b s i n θ}{b^{2}}} \end{array}

The equation of chord joining the points of an ellipse

(a cos α, b sin α) and (a cos β, b sin β) can be given by:

\begin{array}{l} \frac{x}{a} \cos (\frac{α + β}{2}) + \frac{y}{b} \sin (\frac{α + β}{2}) = \cos (\frac{α - β}{2}) \end{array}

If eccentric angles are α and β of the end of focal chords of the ellipse:

\begin{array}{l} \frac{x^{2}}{a^{2}} + \frac{y^{2}}{b^{2}} = 1 \end{array}

Then,

\begin{array}{l} \tan \frac{α}{2} . \tan \frac{β}{2} = \frac{e - 1}{e + 1} \end{array}

Ellipse and Hyperbola Important JEE Main Questions

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Solved Problems on Ellipse

Problem 1: The line lx + my + n = 0 is a normal to the ellipse

\begin{array}{l} \frac{x^{2}}{a^{2}} + \frac{y^{2}}{b^{2}} = 1, if \end{array}

Solution:
The equation of any normal to

\begin{array}{l} \frac{x^{2}}{a^{2}} + \frac{y^{2}}{b^{2}} = 1 \end{array}

is

\begin{array}{l} a x \sec θ - b y cosec θ = a^{2} - b^{2} \dots . (i) \end{array}

The straight line lx + my + n = 0 …..(ii) will be a normal to the ellipse

\begin{array}{l} \frac{x^{2}}{a^{2}} + \frac{y^{2}}{b^{2}} = 1, \end{array}

if (i) and (ii) represent the same line then,

\begin{array}{l} \frac{a \sec θ}{l} = \frac{b cosec θ}{- m} = \frac{a^{2} - b^{2}}{- n} \\ \Rightarrow \cos θ = \frac{- a n}{l (a^{2} - b^{2})} and \sin θ = \frac{b n}{m (a^{2} - b^{2})} \\ As \cos^{2} θ + \sin^{2} θ = 1, \frac{a^{2} n^{2}}{l^{2} {(a^{2} - b^{2})}^{2}} + \frac{b^{2} n^{2}}{m {(a^{2} - b^{2})}^{2}} = 1 \\ \frac{a^{2}}{l^{2}} + \frac{b^{2}}{m^{2}} = \frac{{(a^{2} - b^{2})}^{2}}{n^{2}} \end{array}

Problem 2: If the normal at the point P(θ) to the ellipse

\begin{array}{l} \frac{x^{2}}{14} + \frac{y^{2}}{5} = 1 \end{array}

intersects it again at the point Q(2θ), then cos θ is equal to

Solution:
The normal at P(a cos θ, b sin θ) is ax secθ − by cosecθ = a² − b² where a² = 14, b² = 5.
It meets the curve again at Q(2θ), i.e., (a cos 2θ, b sin 2θ)

\begin{array}{l} \frac{a}{\cos θ} a \cos 2 θ - \frac{b}{\sin θ} (b \sin 2 θ) = a^{2} - b^{2} \\ \Rightarrow \frac{14}{\cos θ} \cos 2 θ - \frac{5}{\sin θ} (\sin 2 θ) = 14 - 5 \\ \Rightarrow 18 \cos^{2} θ - 9 \cos θ - 14 = 0 \\ \Rightarrow (6 \cos θ - 7) (3 \cos θ + 2) = 0 \\ \Rightarrow \cos θ = - \frac{2}{3} \end{array}

Problem 3: The eccentricity of the conic 4x² + 16y² – 24x – 3y = 1 is

Solution:
Given the equation of conic is

\begin{array}{l} 4 x^{2} + 16 y^{2} - 24 x - 3 y = 1 \end{array}

\begin{array}{l} \Rightarrow {(2 x - 6)}^{2} + {(4 y - 4)}^{2} = 53 \\ \Rightarrow 4 {(x - 3)}^{2} + 16 {(y - 1)}^{2} = 53 \\ \Rightarrow \frac{{(x - 3)}^{2}}{53 / 4} + \frac{{(y - 1)}^{2}}{53 / 16} = 1 \\ e = \sqrt{1 - \frac{b^{2}}{a^{2}}} \\ = \sqrt{1 - \frac{53 / 16}{53 / 4}} \\ = \sqrt{1 - \frac{1}{4}} \\ = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \end{array}

Eccentric Angle and Auxiliary Circle of an Ellipse

Ellipse and Hyperbola – Important Topics

Ellipse and Hyperbola - Important Topics

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Ellipse and Hyperbola – Important Questions

Ellipse and Hyperbola - Important Questions

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Frequently Asked Questions

Q1

What do you mean by an ellipse?

An ellipse is the set of all points on a plane whose distance from two points adds up to a constant.

Q2

Give the standard equation of an ellipse.

The standard equation of an ellipse is given by (x²/a²) + (y²/b²) = 1. Here, a is the length of the semi-major axis, and b is the length of the semi-minor axis.

Q3

Give the formula for the latus rectum of an ellipse.

The length of the latus rectum of an ellipse = 2b²/a.

Q4

What is the eccentricity of an ellipse?

The eccentricity of the ellipse is less than 1. It is given by the formula, e = √(1 – (b²/a²)).

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