Frequency Modulation

Frequency modulation, commonly referred to as FM, is a common term that we hear in our daily lives. Today, Frequency modulation is used widely in radio communication and broadcasting. But have we wondered what it actually is or what is the technology and mechanism behind FM? We will understand what frequency modulation is in this lesson and also learn its mechanism as well as its applications.

Table of Contents

• What Is Frequency Modulation?
• Frequency Modulation Equations
• Expression for Frequency Modulated Wave
• Frequencies in Frequency Modulation
• Modulation Index
• Graphical Representation of Frequency Modulated Wave
• Frequency Demodulation
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Frequency Modulation

What Is Frequency Modulation?

Frequency modulation is a technique or a process of encoding information on a particular signal (analogue or digital) by varying the carrier wave frequency in accordance with the frequency of the modulating signal. As we know, a modulating signal is nothing but information or message that has to be transmitted after being converted into an electronic signal.

Much like amplitude modulation, frequency modulation also has a similar approach, where a carrier signal is modulated by the input signal. However, in the case of FM, the amplitude of the modulated signal is kept, or it remains constant.

The frequency modulation index is mostly over 1, and it usually requires a high bandwidth at a range of 200 kHz. FM operates in a very high-frequency range, normally between 88 to 108 Megahertz. There are complex circuits with an infinite number of sidebands that help in receiving high-quality signals with high sound quality.

Broadcast stations in the VHF portion of the frequency spectrum between 88.5 and 108 MHz often use large values of deviation (±75 kHz). This is known as wide-band FM (WBFM). Even though these signals support high-quality transmissions, they do occupy a large amount of bandwidth. Normally, 200 kHz is allowed for each wide-band FM transmission. On the other hand, communications use very little bandwidth. Whereas narrowband FM (NBFM) often uses deviation figures of around ±3 kHz. Besides, narrow-band FM is mostly used for two-way radio communication applications.

Applications of Frequency Modulation

If we talk about the applications of frequency modulation, it is mostly used in radio broadcasting. It offers a great advantage in radio transmission as it has a larger signal-to-noise ratio, which means that it results in low radio frequency interference. This is the main reason that many radio stations use FM to broadcast music over the radio.

Additionally, some of its uses are also found in radar, telemetry, seismic prospecting, and in EEG, different radio systems, music synthesis as well as in video-transmission instruments. In radio transmission, frequency modulation has a good advantage over other modulation. It has a larger signal-to-noise ratio, meaning it will reject radio frequency interferences much better than an equal power amplitude modulation (AM) signal. Due to this major reason, most music is broadcasted over FM radio.

FM Modulators

There are several methods that can be used to generate either direct or indirect frequency-modulated signals.

• A voltage-controlled oscillator or varactor diode oscillator:  A voltage-controlled oscillator can be used to form direct FM modulation by directly feeding the message into the input of the oscillator. In the case of the varactor diode, we place this device within the tuned circuit of an oscillator circuit.
• Crystal oscillator circuit: A varactor diode can also be used within a crystal oscillator circuit wherein the signal needs to be multiplied in frequency, and only narrowband FM is attained.
• Phase-locked loop: This is an excellent method to generate frequency modulation signals. However, the constraints within the loop should be checked carefully, and once everything is stable, it offers an excellent solution.

Frequency Modulation Equations

Frequency modulation equations mainly consist of a sinusoidal expression with the integral of the baseband signal that can be either a sine or cosine function.

It can be represented mathematically as;

m(t) = A_m cos (ω_mt + Ɵ) ……………… 1

m(t) → modulating signal

Where,

A_m → Amplitude of the modulating signal.

ω_m → Angular frequency of the modulating signal.

Ɵ → It is the phase of the modulating signal.

Same as amplitude modulation, when we try to modulate an input signal (information), we need a carrier wave, and we will experience

C(t) = A_c cos (ω_ct + Ɵ) ………….. 2

Angular modulation, which means ω_c (or) Ɵ of the carrier wave, starts varying linearly with respect to the modulating signal, like amplitude modulation.

Also Read: Communication Systems

Case I: Any Instant

The modulating signal at any instant of time.

C(t) = A_c cos (ω_ct + Ɵ)

For any particular instant (ω_ct + Ɵ) is not varying with respect to time the Ɵ becomes so it Ɵ₀ = constant, then

ω_c = also constant

If we draw a tangent for the given signal at any instant of time, the slope of the tangent gives ω_c, and the tangent, when it cuts the Ɵ-axis, gives Ɵ₀ value.

Case II: For a Small Interval of Time

Now, let us consider a small interval of time Δt = t₂ – t₁

Time interval, t₁ < t < t₂, we will look this into two particular instant of t₁ and t₂

Let us consider an instant at (t₁); if we draw a tangent to a given signal at (t₁), the slope of the curve instantaneous frequency (w_i) at that particular instant.

Similarly, the intercept of the tangent with Ɵ – axis gives the instantaneous phase (Ɵ_i).  Likewise, we can get w_i for any instant of the given curve. From this, one thing is clear,

Ɵ – is the phase at the instant

We write this as a function of time (t), and instantaneous frequency is

Equation 3 and 4 gives the fundamental understanding of phase and frequency. If we try to modulate this signal, let us see what’s happening at any instant of time the signal phase is

Where,

k – constant

ω_c → frequency of the carrier wave

m(t) → modulating signal

The insert signal in this phase becomes,

A cos Ɵ (t) = A_c cos [ω_ct + k m(t)]

If we need the frequency of the wave,

Where,

As we know, in the idea of frequency modulation, the frequency of the carrier wave must vary linearly with respect to a particular signal, as we can see in Equation 5. From this, we get,

ω(t) = ω_c + km(t)

If we do phase modulation, it is nothing but frequency modulation. When we do frequency modulation, we are differentiating the particular modulating signal, which then automatically depicts it as phase modulation.

Expression for Frequency Modulated Wave

As we know, from amplitude modulation, we need two sine (or) cosine waves for modulation.

m(t) = A_m cos (ω_mt) and

c(t) = A_c cos (ω_ct)

or

m(t) = A_m cos (2π f_mt)

c(t) = A_c cos (2πf_ct)

Then frequency modulated wave will be:

f_m(t) = f_c + k A_m cos (2π f_m t )

f_m (t) = f_c + k m(t)

Where,

fm(t) = is frequency modulated wave

f_c → frequency of the carrier wave

m(t) → modulating signal

k → proportionality constant

Frequencies in Frequency Modulation

In FM, variation (or) deviation in frequency, the maximum deviation is Δf_max

Δf_{max = │}f_m(t) _– f_c│

_=│KA_m cos(2π f_mt) _│

The maximum deviation in frequency is K A_m

Generally, frequency deviation is defined as the measure of the change in a carrier frequency produced by the amplitude of the input-modulating signal.

Modulation Index (μ)

The modulation index is the ratio of maximum deviation in frequency of the modulating signal.

Also Read: Differences between AM and FM

Graphical Representation of Frequency Modulated Wave

If we observe the graph, we can notice that the frequency of a carrier increases when the amplitude of the input signal is increased. Here, the carrier frequency is maximum when the input signal is at its highest. Also, the frequency of a carrier decreases if the amplitude of the modulating signal goes down.  What it means is that the carrier frequency is minimum when the input signal is at its lowest.

Frequency Demodulation

When there is modulation, usually, we need to successfully demodulate it and, at the same time, recover the original signal. In such cases, an FM demodulator, also known as an FM discriminator or FM detector, is used. While there are several types of FM demodulators, the main functionality of these devices is to convert the frequency variations of the input signal into amplitude variations of the output signal. The demodulators are used along with an audio amplifier or possibly a digital interface.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Frequency Modulation

Amplitude Modulation vs Frequency Modulation

While FM and AM function in a similar manner, the main difference lies in how their carrier waves are modulated. In the case of AM, the signal strength varies in order to incorporate sound information, whereas for FM, the frequency at which the current changes direction per second for the carrier signal is varied. We will look at some of the differences between FM and AM below.