Mutualism vs. Commensalism

An ecosystem must involve interactions between different species for them to survive and continue the cycle of life. These interactions are referred to as symbioses. We know three of these biotic symbioses – Parasitism, Mutualism and Commensalism.

Mutualism

• It is the interaction between two or more entities wherein both entities can benefit from the interaction.
• Though it is an interspecific interaction, the term “cooperation” is used to explain the mutually beneficial interaction between individuals of the same species, which often includes social interactions.
• An example is a clownfish and a sea anemone. The clownfish benefits from the sea anemone by rendering shelter from predators by hiding in the sea anemone’s toxic arms. Here, the clownfish benefits the anemone by taking in the parasites which could be on it and rendering nutrients from their excrement.

Commensalism

• This interaction is when two species interact, and only one of them benefits. However, the other entity is neither harmed nor benefited.
• The commensal can obtain shelter, nutrients, locomotion and support from the host species that is unaffected substantially.
• Often, the commensal relation is seen between a large host and a small commensal (the host entity is unmodified). On the other hand, the commensal species can show structural adaptations consistent with their habits.
• A good example of this type of interaction is that which is seen in the barnacles growing on whales.
• Benefits can be in the form of shelter, nutrients, support and transport.
• The relationship can be put into the following categories – metabiosis, inquilinism, phoresy, and microbiota.

Key Differences Between Mutualism and Commensalism

The table below depicts the differences between Mutualism and Commensalism.

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