Pearson Correlation Formula

Pearson Correlation Formula

 The name correlation suggests the relationship between two variables as their Co-relation. The correlation coefficient is the measurement of correlation. To see how the two sets of data are connected, we make use of this formula. The linear dependency between the data set is done by the Pearson Correlation coefficient. It is also known as the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. The value of the Pearson correlation coefficient product is between -1 to +1.  When the correlation coefficient comes down to zero, then the data is said to be not related. While, if we are getting the value of +1, then the data are positively correlated and -1 has a negative correlation.

The graphical representation of positive, negative and no correlation is shown below:

Positive Correlation

Positive Correlation

Negative Correlation

No Correlation

The Pearson correlation coefficient is denoted by the letter “r”. The formula for Pearson correlation coefficient r is given by:

\[\large r=\frac{n(\sum xy)-(\sum x)(\sum y)}{\sqrt{[n\sum x^{2}-(\sum x)^{2}][n\sum y^{2}-(\sum y)^{2}]}}\]

Where,
r = Pearson correlation coefficient
x = Values in the first set of data
y = Values in the second set of data
n = Total number of values.

Solved Example

Question: Marks obtained by 5 students in algebra and trigonometry as given below:

Algebra      15      16      12     10      8
   Trigonometry 18 11 10 20 17

Calculate the Pearson correlation coefficient.

Solution:

Construct the following table:

x y x2 y2 xy
15 18 225 324 270
16 11 256 121 176
12 10 144 100 120
10 20 100 400 200
8 17 64 289 136
   
\(\begin{array}{l}\sum x\end{array} \)
= 61
   
\(\begin{array}{l}\sum y\end{array} \)
= 76
   
\(\begin{array}{l}\sum x^{2}\end{array} \)
= 789
   
\(\begin{array}{l}\sum y^{2}\end{array} \)
= 1234
   
\(\begin{array}{l}\sum xy\end{array} \)
= 902

Formula for Pearson correlation coefficient is given by:

r =

\(\begin{array}{l}\frac{n(\sum xy)-(\sum x)(\sum y)}{\sqrt{[n\sum x^{2}-(\sum x)^{2}] [n\sum y^{2}- (\sum y )^{2}]}}\end{array} \)

r =

\(\begin{array}{l}\frac{5 \times 902 – 61 \times 76}{\sqrt{[ 5 \times 789 – (61)^{2}][ 5 \times 1234 – (76)^{2}]}}\end{array} \)

r = -0.424

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