The endocrine system is a messaging system that uses feedback loops to control distant target organs by controlling hormones secreted by internal glands directly into the circulatory system. In vertebrates, all endocrine systems are controlled neurally by the hypothalamus. The thyroid and adrenal glands are the two main endocrine glands in humans.
The pituitary gland, hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroid glands, pineal gland, adrenal glands, thymus, and pancreas comprise the endocrine system. It also comprises the placenta (during pregnancy), ovaries in females, and testes in males.
Hormones produced by endocrine glands and organs release into the bloodstream, where they are carried throughout the body to various tissues and organs. These hormones regulate essential body functions, including metabolism, development, growth, and reproduction.
The nervous and endocrine systems integrate signals from different body parts and the environment. The endocrine system also creates effector molecules, such as hormones, that can cause the body to react appropriately to maintain homeostasis.
For example, growth hormone secretion over a prolonged period promotes the growth of all internal organs and influences the formation of muscles and bones to increase height.
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