How did feudalism end?

Feudalism declined due to socio-economic changes that occurred in Europe in the 16th century. The military aspects of feudalism ended by about the 1500s due to the nobility hiring professional armies instead of creating standing armies consisting of peasants. 

The Black Death had also reduced the nobility’s hold over the lower classes as their reduction in population due to plague meant they could demand higher wages for their labour.

For further reading check the following articles:

• Portuguese India
• British Raj
• Dutch Colonialism in India