Flashcards for NEET Chemistry - Solutions

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Chemistry

Solutions

NEET Exams

Solutions

Solid Solutions

Gas in solid – Hydrogen in palladium

Liquid in solid – Amalgam of mercury with sodium

Solid in solid – Copper dissolved in gold

Mass Percentage

(w/w)

Mass % of a component =

(Mass of the component in the solution / Total mass of the solution) ×100

Volume Percentage (V/V)

Volume % of a component =

(Volume of the component / Total volume of the solution) ×100

Mass by Volume Percentage (w/V)

It is the mass of solute dissolved in 100 mL of the solution

Commonly used in medicine and pharmacy

Parts per Million (ppm)

Parts per million = (Number of parts of the component / Total number of parts of all components of the solution) × 10⁶

Mole Fraction

Mole fraction of a component = Number of moles of the component / Total number of moles of all the components

x_A = n_A / (n_A + n_B)

Molarity (M)

It is the number of moles of solute dissolved in one litre of solution

Molarity = Moles of solute / Volume of solution in litre

Molality (m)

It is the number of moles of the solute per kilogram (kg) of the solvent

Molality (m) = Moles of solute / Mass of solvent in kg

Raoult’s Law

For a solution of volatile liquids, the partial vapour pressure of each component of the solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction present in solution

p₁ ∝ x₁

Ideal Solutions

Obey Raoult’s law

∆_mixH = 0, no heat is absorbed or evolved

∆_mixV = 0, the volume of solution is equal to the sum of volumes of its components

Nearly ideal solutions – n-hexane and n-heptane, bromoethane and chloroethane, benzene and toluene

Non-ideal Solutions

Do not obey Raoult’s law

Positive deviation – A-B interactions are weaker than those between A-A or B-B, e.g. ethanol and acetone

Negative deviation – A-B interactions are stronger than those between A-A or B-B, e.g. phenol and aniline

Azeotropes

Binary mixtures having the same composition in liquid and vapour phase and cannot be separated by fractional distillation

Minimum Boiling Azeotrope

Show a large positive deviation from Raoult’s law

Ethanol (95%) – water mixture

Maximum Boiling Azeotrope

Show large negative deviation from Raoult’s law

68% nitric acid and 32% water by mass

Colligative Properties

Properties that depend on the number of solute particles irrespective of their nature relative to the total number of particles present in the solution

Also check:

• NEET Chemistry Syllabus
• NEET Chemistry Important Topics
• NEET Chemistry MCQs
• How to Score 160 Plus in NEET Chemistry