Chloroplasts are bound by two unit membranes that are smooth. The inner membrane encloses the stroma or matrix and the grana. The stroma contains... View Article
It is formed internal to the primary cell wall and is found only in some mature and highly specialized cells. They are thick, permeable and... View Article
It is the other name for a nuclear envelope. The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane structure known as a nuclear envelope whose membranes... View Article
They are non-living substances or ergastic substances which are found in the cytoplasm. Typically, they are in the form of oil drips, glycogen... View Article
Space between outer and inner membranes in mitochondria is called peri mitochondrial space. The lumen of the mitochondrion is filled with matrix... View Article
The polypeptide chain can experience additional foldings to produce the tertiary structure. To some extent, the tertiary structure is determined... View Article
Most of the long polypeptide chains are coiled or folded in many ways. This level of organization is referred to as a secondary structure. The... View Article
As the name suggests, derived proteins are derivatives of proteins. These proteins are obtained from simple or conjugated proteins as a result of... View Article
Nucleoside is a condensation product of a nitrogen base and ribose sugar. Condensation occurs by the linkage of pyrimidine at its N3 position or... View Article
RNA is a macromolecule with a high molecular weight. But, it is shorter than DNA. It can be either single-stranded or double-stranded but not... View Article
The RNA molecule is thread-like, straight and unbranched. The size and amount of RNA molecules differ from species to species. The quantity of... View Article
In the reducing and sterile atmosphere of primordial earth, simple organic compounds could experience polymerization to produce large molecules.... View Article
Some scientists believe that nucleoprotein molecules developed a nutrient shell to become a virus-like structure called the protovirus. Thus, the... View Article
A few chemoautotrophs eventually would have formed chlorophyll-like pigments with the use of magnesium porphyrin of oceanic water. These pigments... View Article
Formation of Chemoautotrophs - prokaryotes should have obtained enzymes used to synthesize simple carbohydrates molecules from inorganic... View Article
The synthesis of all proteins begins with the same amino acid - methionine. Signals to initiate a polypeptide chain is a special type of... View Article
Bacteria make use of three initiation factors required for tRNA and mRNA to enter the initiation complex, which are IF-1, IF-2 and IF-3. IF-1:... View Article
Initiation takes place at specialized sequences on the mRNA known as the ribosome-binding site, which is a short sequence of bases that comes... View Article
Each of the tRNA is found in a distinct site on ribosomes. There are two sites having varying features - aminoacyl-tRNA binds with the A site.... View Article
The final phase of translation is termination. Termination starts when a stop codon enters ribosomes. There are no tRNAs that correspond to a... View Article
