09 July 2024 CNA
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
A. GS 1 Related B. GS 2 Related Social Justice 1. Double health budget, reduce out-of-pocket spends International Relations 1. Ahead of talks with Putin, PM says will ‘back’ peace in region 2. A brewing duel amid Manila’s dual engagement’ 3. Japan, Philippines sign defence pact amid China concerns’ 4. Mamata again says no to sharing Teesta river water with Bangladesh’ C. GS 3 Related D. GS 4 Related E. Editorials Health 1. Indigenous HPV vaccine, the rhetoric and the reality International Relations 1. Resurgent left F. Prelims Facts 1. Centre set to tweak criteria for according classical language status 2. Govt. reopens PLI scheme for white goods till October 12 3. Hurdles in importing diamonds pose a quantum block to research ambition 4. World's oldest cave painting was created at least 51,000 years ago G. UPSC Prelims Practice Questions H. UPSC Mains Practice Questions
A. GS 1 Related
Nothing here for today!!!
B. GS 2 Related
Category: Social Justice
1. Double health budget, reduce out-of-pocket spends
Syllabus: Issues related to the development and management of the social sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources
Prelims: Out-of-pocket spending
Mains: Issue of Out-of-pocket spending on Health
Context: Health care in India has been a persistent challenge, characterized by inadequate public health spending, high out-of-pocket expenses, and disparities in access to quality care. Despite the critical nature of health, it remains a non-issue in the political discourse and electoral priorities of the country.
Current Health Expenditure
- Public Health Spending: India’s total health expenditure is around 3.5% of GDP, with public health spending at a mere 1.35%.
- Out-of-Pocket Expenditure: Low public spending leads to high out-of-pocket expenses for households, with 13.4% of rural and 8.5% of urban households borrowing money to pay medical bills.
Impact of Recent Economic Changes
- Demonetisation, GST, and COVID-19: These events have exacerbated the financial strain on households, making healthcare affordability even more critical.
- Poverty Line: An estimated 60-80 million households have fallen below the poverty line due to medical expenses.
Dual Burden of Disease
- Communicable Diseases: Easier to handle episodically but can have devastating consequences if neglected.
- Non-Communicable Diseases: Require lifelong management, necessitating a robust and steady healthcare system.
Issues
Inadequate Budget Allocation
- Stagnant Public Spending: Since 2010, public health spending has hovered between 1.12% and 1.35% of GDP.
- Disproportionate Spending: States like Bihar spend only about 5% of their revenue budgets on health against the targeted 8%.
Insufficient Infrastructure
- Glaring Gaps: The COVID-19 pandemic exposed significant deficiencies in health infrastructure, particularly in poorer states.
- Resource Shortfall: States like Bihar, U.P., MP, Orissa, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Assam face a higher than average shortfall of facilities and human resources.
Ineffective Financial Strategies
- Misaligned Priorities: Increasing sums assured under social health insurance schemes without addressing systemic flaws.
- Underutilized Funds: Only 25% of the health cess collected has been allocated to the Health Ministry.
Significance
Improved Health Outcomes
- Reduced Financial Burden: Increasing public health spending can significantly reduce out-of-pocket expenses for households.
- Enhanced Access to Care: Strengthening health infrastructure can improve access to quality care, especially in underserved regions.
Economic Benefits
- Poverty Reduction: Reducing medical expenses can prevent households from falling into poverty.
- Productivity Gains: A healthier population contributes to higher productivity and economic growth.
Social Equity
- Public Good: Recognizing health as a public good and a foundational prerequisite for human development.
- Social Contract: Fulfilling the societal obligation to provide healthcare as part of the social contract between citizens and the state.
Solutions
Budget Reforms
- Double Health Budget: Substantially increase the health budget, particularly for the National Health Mission (NHM).
- Utilize Health Cess: Allocate all funds collected under the health cess to the health budget.
Infrastructure Development
- Focus on Poorer States: Prioritize funding for states with significant shortfalls in health facilities and human resources.
- Strengthen Primary Care: Invest in primary health care facilities and district-level disease surveillance infrastructure.
Rationalize GST Levies
- Reduce GST on Health Products: Lower GST on health insurance premiums and essential medical supplies like insulin and hepatitis diagnostics.
- Disincentivize Costly Private Care: Implement measures to control the rising costs of private healthcare despite existing tax exemptions and subsidies.
Nut Graf: The paradox of health being a non-issue in Indian politics despite its critical importance needs to be addressed urgently. Doubling the health budget and reducing out-of-pocket expenses can lead to significant improvements in health outcomes, economic benefits, and social equity. By aligning health spending with the needs of the population and recognizing healthcare as a fundamental right, India can move closer to its aspiration of being a developed country by 2047.
Category: International Relations
1. Ahead of talks with Putin, PM says will ‘back’ peace in region
Syllabus: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s Interests
Mains: India- Russia relations
Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi is set to meet Russian President Vladimir Putin to discuss the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict and other bilateral issues at the 22nd India-Russia Summit. The message from PM Modi emphasizes that the solution to the war will not be found on the battlefield but through dialogue and diplomacy.
Context of the Visit
- Significance: This visit marks the first time the leaders will hold the annual summit in three years and PM Modi’s first bilateral visit abroad after re-assuming office in June.
- Warm Reception: PM Modi was warmly received by Russian First Deputy Prime Minister Denis Manturov, highlighting the importance of the visit.
- Dinner Meeting: The informal dinner hosted by Mr. Putin at his Dacha set the tone for the structured talks.
Key Agenda
- Economic Issues: Expected to drive the agenda, focusing on geo-economic changes due to the Russia-Ukraine conflict.
- Indians Misled into Joining Russian Military: A priority issue for India, seeking the discharge of these individuals.
- Peaceful Resolution: PM Modi is expected to emphasize that the conflict’s resolution requires both parties to engage in dialogue.
Bilateral and Regional Focus
- Bilateral Ties: A comprehensive review of bilateral ties, including trade, energy cooperation, and investments in Russia’s Far East.
- Global and Regional Issues: Perspectives on global and regional issues, with India supporting a peaceful and stable region.
- NATO Summit Context: The timing of the summit coincides with a NATO meeting in Washington, emphasizing the global attention on the conflict.
Issues
Conflict Resolution
- Battlefield vs. Diplomacy: The ongoing Russia-Ukraine war cannot be resolved through military means but requires diplomatic efforts.
- Global South Perspective: India’s stance aligns with the global south’s view that dialogue is essential for resolving the conflict.
Economic and Energy Cooperation
- Trade and Energy Supplies: Facilitating trade agreements and securing long-term commitments on energy supplies from Russia.
- Investments in Russia’s Far East: Building on previous agreements to enhance cooperation and investments in this region.
Misled Indians
- Discharge of Indians: Addressing the issue of Indians misled into joining the Russian military, ensuring their safe return.
Significance
Strengthening Bilateral Relations
- Economic Ties: Enhancing trade and investment ties, particularly in energy and the Far East.
- Strategic Partnership: Reinforcing the long-standing strategic partnership between India and Russia.
Regional Stability
- Peace and Stability: India’s role in promoting peace and stability in the region, supporting diplomatic solutions over military actions.
- Global Role: India’s stance as a responsible global player advocating for peaceful conflict resolution.
Humanitarian Concerns
- Protecting Citizens: Ensuring the safety and well-being of Indian citizens misled into military involvement.
Solutions
Diplomatic Engagement
- Promoting Dialogue: Encouraging both Russia and Ukraine to engage in dialogue to find a peaceful resolution.
- Supportive Role: India playing a supportive role in facilitating discussions and providing a platform for dialogue.
Economic Cooperation
- Trade Agreements: Signing agreements to enhance trade and secure energy supplies.
- Investments: Encouraging investments in Russia’s Far East, building on previous MoUs.
- Addressing Misled Indians
- Safe Return: Ensuring the discharge and safe return of Indians misled into joining the Russian military.
Nut Graf: PM Modi’s visit to Russia and his upcoming talks with President Putin are crucial for addressing the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict and strengthening bilateral ties. Emphasizing that the solution lies in diplomacy rather than on the battlefield, India aims to play a supportive role in promoting peace and stability in the region. Enhanced economic cooperation and addressing humanitarian concerns are also key aspects of the discussions, reflecting India’s commitment to its strategic partnership with Russia and its global responsibility.
2. A brewing duel amid Manila’s dual engagement’
Syllabus: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s Interests
Mains: India- US-Philippines Relations
Context: With Ferdinand Marcos Jr., affectionately known as “Bongbong”, as the President of the Philippines, the nation is adopting a more assertive stance against China, emphasizing its security ties with the United States. This marks a shift from the previous administration under Rodrigo Duterte, who leaned towards Beijing for developmental funds.
Shifting Stance Under President Marcos Jr.
- US-Philippines Relations: Since Marcos Jr.’s electoral victory in 2022, the relationship between the United States and the Philippines has strengthened, with a focus on security cooperation.
- Confrontation with China: Marcos Jr. has been vocal about China’s aggressive actions in the South China Sea, sharply criticizing them at international forums like the Shangri-La Dialogue in Singapore.
- China’s Reaction: China views Marcos Jr. as an ally of the United States, similar to former Taiwanese President Tsai Ing-wen, and accuses him of inviting regional conflict.
Rising Tensions in the South China Sea
- Chinese Aggressions: Instances of the Chinese maritime militia using water cannons and bumping into Philippine fishing boats have escalated tensions.
- Philippines’ Response: Marcos Jr. has warned that any Filipino casualty due to Chinese force would be considered an act of war, highlighting the serious nature of the confrontations.
American Involvement and Strategic Interests
- Mutual Defense Treaty: The US has had a Mutual Defense Treaty with the Philippines since 1951. Despite supporting Marcos Jr., the US remains cautious about getting involved in another naval conflict.
- Strategic Location: The Philippines is crucial to the US’s Indo-Pacific strategy due to its geographic position in the South China Sea.
- Military Enhancements: The Philippines is focused on enhancing its military capabilities, including a $35 billion acquisition plan and modernizing former US military bases like Subic Bay and Clark Air Base.
Quad Support and Regional Alliances
- Quad Partners: The Philippines is leveraging support from Quad partners (India, Australia, Japan, and the US) to bolster its military.
- India’s Support: India has delivered BrahMos missiles to the Philippines and supports the 2016 Tribunal ruling against China’s claims in the South China Sea.
- Japan’s Assistance: Japan has provided coastal surveillance radars and patrol ships, strengthening the Philippine Coast Guard.
- Australia’s Contributions: Australia is the second largest bilateral grant aid donor to the Philippines, enhancing its military and coast guard capabilities.
Issues
Dual Engagement Challenges
- Reliance on China: Despite the military buildup against China, the Philippines remains dependent on Beijing for financial support, which poses a challenge to its dual engagement strategy.
- Economic Aid: China has committed significant financial aid to the Philippines, complicating the dynamics of Manila’s assertive stance against Beijing.
Strategic Uncertainty
- Balance of Power: The ongoing friction with China and reliance on US military support raise questions about how long the Philippines can maintain this dual engagement without significant repercussions.
- Impact on Financial Flows: Increasing tensions with China may affect the flow of developmental aid from Beijing, impacting the Philippines’ economic stability.
Significance
Regional Security and Stability
- Strategic Importance: The Philippines’ stance and its alliances significantly impact regional security dynamics in the South China Sea.
- US-Indo-Pacific Strategy: Strengthening US-Philippines ties reinforces the US strategy to counter China’s influence in the region.
Military Modernization
- Enhanced Capabilities: The focus on modernizing military bases and acquiring advanced weaponry enhances the Philippines’ defense capabilities.
- Quad Collaboration: Collaboration with Quad partners aids in the technological and strategic upliftment of the Philippine military.
Solutions
Balancing Relations
- Diplomatic Engagement: The Philippines should continue diplomatic efforts to balance its relations with both the US and China, ensuring that economic ties with Beijing are not severely disrupted.
- Multilateral Cooperation: Strengthening multilateral cooperation through ASEAN and other regional forums can help Manila navigate the complex geopolitical landscape.
Enhancing Self-reliance
- Domestic Defense Industry: Investing in the domestic defense industry can reduce reliance on foreign military aid and build self-reliance.
- Diversifying Economic Partners: Diversifying economic partnerships beyond China can provide the Philippines with more financial stability and reduce geopolitical risks.
Nut Graf: The Philippines, under President Ferdinand Marcos Jr., is navigating a complex geopolitical landscape with its assertive stance against China and strengthened ties with the US. While this approach enhances its security and military capabilities, it also poses challenges due to its reliance on Chinese financial support. Balancing these dual engagements will be crucial for the Philippines to maintain regional stability and its strategic interests.
3. Japan, Philippines sign defence pact amid China concerns’
Syllabus: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s Interests
Mains: India-Japan-Philippines Relations
Context: Japan and the Philippines have signed a significant defence pact, allowing the deployment of Japanese forces for joint drills in the Philippines. This agreement marks a major step in the defence cooperation between the two nations, amidst increasing assertiveness from China in the region.
Details of the Agreement
- Reciprocal Access Agreement: The pact allows Japanese forces to enter the Philippines for joint combat training and vice versa, facilitating greater military collaboration.
- Signatories: The agreement was signed by Philippine Defence Secretary Gilberto Teodoro and Japanese Foreign Minister Yoko Kamikawa.
- Ratification: The agreement will take effect after being ratified by the legislatures of both countries.
Historical Context
- World War II Occupation: Japan’s brutal occupation of the Philippines during World War II adds historical significance to this modern-day alliance.
- Alliance Building: Both nations are now aligning more closely to counter China’s growing assertiveness in the region.
Issues
China’s Assertiveness
- South China Sea Disputes: The South China Sea, a vital global trade route, is claimed almost entirely by China but is also contested by the Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, and Taiwan.
- Recent Confrontations: The agreement comes in the wake of recent confrontations between China and the Philippines in the South China Sea, particularly at the Second Thomas Shoal.
Regional Stability
- Military Tensions: Increasing military activities and alliances in the region could lead to heightened tensions and instability.
- Sovereignty Concerns: Nations in the region are concerned about preserving their sovereignty and territorial integrity against Chinese claims.
Significance
Strengthening Defence Ties
- Enhanced Cooperation: The agreement is seen as a groundbreaking achievement that will boost defence cooperation between Japan and the Philippines.
- Strategic Alliance: It reflects a strategic alignment of interests as both nations seek to counterbalance China’s influence.
Regional Security
- Deterrent Effect: The pact is expected to serve as a deterrent against aggressive actions by China, contributing to regional security.
- Global Trade Route: Ensuring the security of the South China Sea is crucial for maintaining the free flow of global trade.
Solutions
Diplomatic Engagement
- Multilateral Dialogue: Engaging China in multilateral dialogues involving all claimant nations could help reduce tensions.
- Confidence-Building Measures: Implementing confidence-building measures between China and the Southeast Asian nations to prevent conflicts.
Strengthening Alliances
- Regional Cooperation: Enhancing cooperation within regional organizations like ASEAN to present a united front.
- International Support: Seeking support from other global powers to ensure a balanced approach to regional security.
Nut Graf: The signing of the Reciprocal Access Agreement between Japan and the Philippines marks a significant step in bolstering their defence ties. Amidst the backdrop of historical animosities and contemporary regional challenges posed by China’s assertiveness, this pact underscores the importance of strategic alliances and cooperation for regional stability and security. Moving forward, diplomatic engagements and multilateral efforts will be crucial in maintaining peace and preventing escalations in the South China Sea.
4. Mamata again says no to sharing Teesta river water with Bangladesh’
Syllabus: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s Interests
Mains: India – bangladesh relations
Context: West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee has reiterated her opposition to sharing the Teesta river’s waters with Bangladesh. She raised concerns over the potential water scarcity and flooding issues in North Bengal, emphasizing the need for careful consideration in water-sharing agreements.
- Teesta River Dispute: The Teesta river, originating in Sikkim and flowing through West Bengal into Bangladesh, has been a contentious issue between India and Bangladesh regarding water sharing.
- Recent Developments: The issue gained prominence following Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina’s visit to India, where Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi mentioned the formation of a technical team to discuss Teesta river management.
Chief Minister’s Concerns
- Water Scarcity: Ms. Banerjee warned that sharing the Teesta’s waters with Bangladesh would leave North Bengal residents without sufficient water.
- Flooding Risks: The full spate of several rivers, including the Teesta, poses a flood threat to North Bengal.
- Hydel Projects: She questioned the Centre’s decision to construct multiple hydel power projects on the Teesta in Sikkim, which could impact water availability downstream.
Administrative Actions
- Flood Shelters: Nine flood shelters have been opened in Jalpaiguri, providing relief to 500 people.
- Monitoring: A call for round-the-clock monitoring of the flood situation has been made.
Issues
Lack of State Involvement
- Exclusion from Discussions: The Centre’s failure to involve the West Bengal government in discussions about water sharing with Bangladesh is a major concern for Ms. Banerjee.
- Hydel Projects in Sikkim: The construction of multiple hydel power projects upstream in Sikkim without considering downstream impacts on West Bengal.
Environmental and Infrastructural Concerns
- Damming Impact: The construction of dams by Bangladesh and China on the Atrayee river has led to water scarcity in West Bengal’s Dakshin Dinajpur district.
- DVC Water Release: The Damodar Valley Corporation’s (DVC) practice of releasing large quantities of water at once causes problems, necessitating a call for staggered releases.
Significance
Regional Relations
- India-Bangladesh Relations: The Teesta river dispute affects bilateral relations between India and Bangladesh, impacting cooperation and goodwill.
- Interstate Relations: The issue also highlights the importance of cooperative federalism in India, requiring better coordination between the Centre and state governments.
Environmental Management
- Water Resource Management: Effective management and sharing of transboundary water resources are crucial for environmental sustainability and regional stability.
- Disaster Preparedness: Proper planning and infrastructure development, such as flood shelters and reservoirs, are vital for mitigating flood risks.
Solutions
Inclusive Decision-Making
- Involvement of States: The Centre should involve the West Bengal government in discussions and decisions regarding water sharing with Bangladesh.
- Collaborative Approach: A collaborative approach involving all stakeholders can help in finding sustainable solutions to the water-sharing dispute.
Environmental and Infrastructural Measures
- Hydrological Studies: Conduct comprehensive hydrological studies to understand the river’s flow and capacity during different seasons.
- Staggered Water Release: Implement staggered water release policies from dams to prevent sudden flooding and ensure better water management.
- Reservoir Dredging: Regular dredging of reservoirs to increase their water-holding capacity and prevent overflow.
Nut Graf: The Teesta river water-sharing dispute between India and Bangladesh remains a complex issue with significant implications for regional relations, environmental management, and interstate cooperation. Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee’s concerns highlight the need for inclusive and collaborative approaches to address water scarcity and flood risks.
C. GS 3 Related
Nothing here for today!!!
D. GS 4 Related
Nothing here for today!!!
E. Editorials
Category: Health
1. Indigenous HPV vaccine, the rhetoric and the reality
Syllabus: Issues Relating to Development and Management of Social Sector/Services Relating to Health
Mains: Affordable and Universal vaccination
Introduction:
- India’s public health discourse has emphasized human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination to prevent cervical cancer.
- It’s not definitively proven that HPV causes cervical cancer, though some strains are associated with precancerous lesions.
- Most women dying of cervical cancer are HPV positive, but most HPV-positive individuals do not develop cancer.
Prevalence and Vaccination Concerns:
- The Population Based Cancer Registries (PBCR) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) report declining cervical cancer rates, regardless of vaccine coverage.
- The push for universal vaccination overlooks the benefits of selective vaccination for high-risk groups.
- Targeting pre-puberty girls assumes promiscuous behaviour, creating a moral conundrum and reflecting patriarchal assumptions.
Development and Promotion of Indigenous HPV Vaccine:
- The Serum Institute of India (SII) developed ‘Cervavac’ as an indigenous and affordable vaccine.
- Questions arise about the two-decade delay in creating the indigenous vaccine after the global introduction of HPV vaccines.
- Cervavac uses virus-like particles (VLPs) and recombinant DNA techniques similar to earlier vaccines like Hepatitis-B.
Impact of Patenting and Pricing Strategies:
- The U.S. Patent Act and the Bayh-Dole Act shifted vaccine development from public to private sectors, affecting global vaccine innovation.
- India’s earlier patent laws enabled the growth of low-cost generic drugs and vaccines.
- Current product patent regimes delayed indigenous HPV vaccine development, awaiting patent expirations.
- Cervavac’s pricing remains high despite substantial funding and shared production resources, raising doubts about the pricing strategy.
Competition and Market Dynamics:
- The unavailability of competing domestic HPV vaccines keeps prices high.
- Several Indian companies had HPV vaccines in the pipeline but failed to market them.
- Universal government vaccination for girls costs ₹500 for two doses, still expensive for many.
- The retail price of Cervavac remains unaffordable for most, highlighting the need for competition and transparency in pricing.
Conclusion:
- The debate on universal HPV vaccination for cervical cancer prevention continues.
- The lack of competition and opaque pricing strategies require further investigation to ensure public health interests are met.
Nut Graf: The push for universal HPV vaccination in India, despite declining cervical cancer rates and unproven causality, raises concerns about pricing, competition, and selective vaccination strategies, emphasizing the need for transparency and fair access to indigenous vaccines like Cervavac.
Category: International Relations
Syllabus: Effect of Policies and Politics of Developed and Developing Countries on India’s Interests
Mains: Trend of rising both left and right together in France’s Election
Introduction: Election Result in France
- France’s New Popular Front (NFP), a left-wing coalition, emerged as the largest bloc in the snap election.
- NFP won 182 seats, surpassing President Emmanuel Macron’s centrist alliance with 168 seats.
- Marine Le Pen’s far-right National Rally secured 143 seats, a significant increase from 89 seats in 2022.
Impact on Macron’s Centrist Path:
- Macron’s centrist alliance fell short of the majority, affecting prospects for political and economic progress.
- The election resulted in no party achieving the required 289 seats for an absolute majority.
- France faces political uncertainty, which Macron aimed to avoid by calling early elections.
Rise of the Right in European Politics:
- National Rally, led by 28-year-old Jordan Bardella, is reshaping its image for broader voter acceptability.
- The right-wing trend is evident in other European countries like the Netherlands, Italy, and Finland.
- In Italy, Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni’s stance on fascist salutes highlights the complexities within right-wing politics.
Voter Concerns and Election Outcomes:
- National Rally’s success is partly attributed to challenging Macron on the cost-of-living crisis.
- European right-wing parties gain traction by addressing migration, minorities, and economic issues.
- Political dominance in Europe remains intensely contested between right, left, and centre factions.
Nut Graf: France’s snap election saw the left-wing New Popular Front emerge as the largest bloc, challenging President Macron’s centrist alliance and highlighting the rise of right-wing parties across Europe, creating political uncertainty and intensifying the contest for dominance.
F. Prelims Facts
1. Centre set to tweak criteria for according classical language status
Context: The Union government of India is poised to revise the criteria for according classical language status, amid growing demands for this recognition from various states and literary circles. The decision follows a report submitted by the Linguistics Expert Committee of the Culture Ministry, which recommended changes to the existing criteria.
Background and Current Status
- Demand for Classical Language Status: Languages such as Marathi, Bengali, Assamese, and Maithili have seen sustained campaigns for recognition as classical languages.
- Marathi Language Campaign: Significant efforts have been made to recognize Marathi as a classical language. A committee of Marathi language experts, chaired by Ranganath Pathare, concluded in 2014 that Marathi meets all the necessary criteria.
Government’s Actions
- Expert Committee Report: The Linguistics Expert Committee submitted its report on October 10, 2022, suggesting changes to the criteria for classical language status.
- Reconsideration of Rules: The Centre requested the panel to reconsider the rules, with the issue first discussed in a meeting on June 21, 2023.
- Pending Notification: A Gazette notification of the new criteria will be issued following Cabinet approval, which may delay the recognition of certain languages, including Marathi.
Political and Cultural Context
- Repeated Assurances: The Centre has assured multiple times over the past decade that Marathi is under active consideration for classical status.
- Political Pressure: With upcoming Assembly elections in Maharashtra, the demand for Marathi’s recognition has gained momentum. Both the Congress and the Shiv Sena-BJP government have intensified their efforts.
Significance
Cultural Recognition
- Pride and Heritage: Recognizing a language as classical is a matter of immense pride and cultural heritage for the state and its people.
- Promotion of Language: The status helps in the promotion and preservation of the language through government support and institutional frameworks.
Educational Impact
- Scholarly Awards: The Education Ministry institutes two major annual international awards for scholars of eminence in the classical language.
- Centres of Excellence: Establishment of a centre of excellence for studies in the language.
- Professional Chairs: The University Grants Commission creates Professional Chairs in Central universities to promote scholarly research.
Political Implications
- Electoral Influence: The recognition of Marathi as a classical language could have significant electoral implications in Maharashtra, influencing voter sentiment and political dynamics.
2. Govt. reopens PLI scheme for white goods till October 12
Context: The Indian government has reopened the application window for the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for white goods, extending the opportunity from July 15 to October 12. This move is aimed at attracting more investments in the manufacturing sector, particularly for key components of air conditioners and LED lights.
Background of the PLI Scheme
- Launch and Purpose: The PLI scheme was originally launched in 2021 to boost domestic manufacturing and reduce import dependency in various sectors, including white goods.
- Initial Success: The scheme has already attracted significant interest, with 66 applicants committing ₹6,962 crore in investments.
Reopening of the Scheme
- Reasons for Reopening: The Commerce and Industry Ministry cited a growing market and increased confidence in domestic manufacturing as key reasons for reopening the application window.
- Incentive Payouts: The government has shifted from an annual to a quarterly incentive payout system to facilitate better cash flow and investment planning for companies.
Terms and Conditions
- Eligibility: Both new applicants and existing beneficiaries are eligible to apply under the new window. Existing beneficiaries can apply if they propose to invest more by switching to a higher target segment or through their group companies in different target segments.
- Commitments: The terms and conditions for applicants remain unchanged from the original scheme.
Significance
Economic Impact
- Boost to Manufacturing: The reopening of the scheme is expected to further boost domestic manufacturing of white goods, enhancing the Make in India initiative.
- Investment Attraction: By reopening the scheme, the government aims to attract additional investments, driving economic growth and generating employment opportunities.
Market Confidence
- Industry Response: The positive response from the industry and the committed investments highlight the confidence in the government’s policies and the potential for growth in the white goods sector.
- Component Manufacturing: The focus on manufacturing key components of air conditioners and LED lights indicates a strategic move towards building a robust supply chain within the country.
Policy Consistency
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- Support for Existing Beneficiaries: By allowing existing beneficiaries to reapply for higher investment targets, the government ensures continued support and incentives for those already committed to the scheme.
- Quarterly Payout System: The shift to quarterly payouts reflects the government’s adaptability and responsiveness to industry needs, making the scheme more attractive to potential investors.
3. Hurdles in importing diamonds pose a quantum block to research ambition
Context: India’s National Quantum Mission (NQM), a ₹6,000-crore initiative aimed at advancing quantum technologies, faces significant hurdles due to restrictions on importing diamonds. Quantum researchers require specialized diamonds with specific “defects” that are critical for their experiments, which are currently difficult to procure domestically.
Quantum Technology Overview
- Definition: Quantum technology involves exploiting quantum-mechanical properties of matter to develop advanced computers, sensors, and encryption systems.
- Applications: Potential applications include quantum computers, sensors, and secure communication systems.
Role of Diamonds in Quantum Research
- Defects in Diamonds: Unlike gemologists, quantum researchers focus on the defects in diamonds, specifically the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers.
- Importance of NV Centers: These centers are sensitive to magnetic field variations and can be manipulated to function as qubits, the fundamental units of quantum computing.
Challenges in Diamond Procurement
- Lab-Grown Diamonds: Researchers need lab-grown diamonds customized with specific defects, which are not yet produced in India.
- Import Restrictions: The Customs Department’s regulations on diamond imports hinder the ability of researchers to obtain the necessary materials.
- Current State of Indian Diamond Industry: India excels in cutting and polishing diamonds but lags in manufacturing lab-grown diamonds tailored for quantum research.
National Quantum Mission Goals
- Qubit Development: The mission aims to develop quantum computers with 50 to 1,000 qubits by the end of the decade.
- Global Status: Maintaining qubits in their required states remains a significant challenge globally, further complicated by the import restrictions in India.
Significance
Advancement of Quantum Technology
- Global Leadership: Successfully developing quantum technology can position India as a global leader in this emerging field.
- Scientific Progress: Overcoming the hurdles in diamond procurement is crucial for scientific advancements in quantum computing and related areas.
Economic Impact
- Innovation and Industry: Promoting lab-grown diamond research can stimulate innovation and growth in the diamond industry and associated sectors.
- Investment in R&D: The National Quantum Mission represents a significant investment in research and development, with potential long-term economic benefits.
Strategic Importance
- Technological Edge: Developing quantum technologies can provide India with a strategic edge in various domains, including national security and advanced communications.
- International Collaboration: Addressing procurement issues can enhance India’s ability to collaborate internationally on cutting-edge research.
4. World’s oldest cave painting was created at least 51,000 years ago
Context: Recent archaeological discoveries on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi have unveiled what is now considered the world’s oldest-known cave painting. The artwork, found in the Leang Karampuang cave in the Maros-Pangkep region, dates back at least 51,200 years and depicts a narrative scene involving human-like figures and a wild pig.
Discovery and Dating
- Location: The painting was discovered on the ceiling of the Leang Karampuang limestone cave in Sulawesi, Indonesia.
- Dating Method: Researchers used a new technique involving a laser to date calcium carbonate crystals that formed naturally on the painting, a method developed by Griffith University. This approach provides a more accurate dating than previous methods.
- Scientific Publication: The findings were published in the journal Nature, highlighting the significance of the new dating method.
Description of the Painting
- Imagery: The painting features a wild pig, measuring 92 cm by 38 cm, standing upright, interacting with three smaller human-like figures. It is painted in a single shade of dark red pigment.
- Narrative Scene: Researchers interpret the painting as a narrative scene, indicating it is the oldest-known evidence of storytelling in art. The figures appear to be interacting in a deliberate manner, suggesting a story is being told.
Comparison with Other Discoveries
- Other Paintings in Sulawesi: Another painting in the Leang Bulu’ Sipong 4 cave, depicting part-human, part-animal figures hunting pigs and dwarf buffalo, was reassessed using the same dating method and found to be at least 48,000 years old.
- Significance of Storytelling: The depiction of storytelling in these ancient paintings underscores the early development of narrative art, a defining characteristic of human species.
Significance
Cultural and Historical Impact
- Oldest Evidence of Storytelling: The painting represents the earliest known example of storytelling, providing insights into the cognitive and cultural development of early humans.
- Artistic Expression: It highlights the capability of early humans to engage in complex artistic expression, suggesting advanced cognitive functions and social structures.
Archaeological Advancements
- Innovative Dating Techniques: The new method of dating calcium carbonate crystals revolutionizes the dating of rock art, allowing for more precise and accurate historical timelines.
- Global Implications: This technique could be applied to other archaeological sites worldwide, potentially leading to new discoveries and a better understanding of prehistoric art.
H. UPSC Prelims Practice Questions
Q1. Consider the following statements regarding the Indigenous HPV vaccine in India:
- The vaccine is primarily aimed at preventing cervical cancer.
- It has been developed by the Serum Institute of India.
- The vaccine requires a three-dose schedule for complete immunization.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2, and 3
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: a
Explanation:
- Correct: The HPV vaccine is primarily aimed at preventing cervical cancer.
- Correct: The vaccine has been developed by the Serum Institute of India.
- Incorrect: The HPV vaccine typically requires a two-dose schedule for complete immunization in young adolescents, not three doses.
Q2. Consider the following statements regarding the Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme in India:
- The PLI scheme aims to boost domestic manufacturing and attract large investments in the manufacturing sector.
- The scheme offers incentives based on the incremental sales of products manufactured in India.
- The scheme is implemented by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology and the Ministry of Commerce and Industry only.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2, and 3
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: a
Explanation:
- Correct: The PLI scheme aims to boost domestic manufacturing and attract large investments in the manufacturing sector.
- Correct: The scheme offers incentives based on the incremental sales of products manufactured in India.
- Incorrect: The scheme is not implemented solely by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology and the Ministry of Commerce and Industry; it involves multiple ministries, including the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Ministry of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Heavy Industries, and others depending on the sector.
Q3. Which of the following best describes the FARC guerrillas known as Segunda Marquetalia?
- A faction of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia that has laid down arms.
- A faction that has rearmed and resumed activities.
- A humanitarian group working in rural Colombia.
- A political party formed after the peace agreement.
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: b
(b) A faction that has rearmed and resumed activities.
Segunda Marquetalia is a faction of FARC that has resumed armed activities.
Q4. Consider the following statements regarding the Teesta River dispute between India and Bangladesh:
- The Teesta River originates in the Indian state of Sikkim and flows through West Bengal before entering Bangladesh.
- The primary contention in the Teesta River dispute is the allocation of water during the dry season.
- The Teesta River is the largest river flowing from India into Bangladesh.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2, and 3
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: a
Answer: (a) 1 and 2 only
Explanation:
- Correct: The Teesta River originates in the Indian state of Sikkim and flows through West Bengal before entering Bangladesh.
- Correct: The primary contention in the Teesta River dispute is the allocation of water during the dry season, as both India and Bangladesh require water for irrigation and other purposes during this period.
- Incorrect: The Teesta River is not the largest river flowing from India into Bangladesh; the Ganges (Padma) River holds that distinction.
Q5. Consider the following criteria for a language to be declared as a classical language in India:
- High antiquity of its early texts/recorded history over a period of 1500-2000 years.
- A body of ancient literature/texts which is considered a valuable heritage by generations of speakers.
- The language must have an original literary tradition that is not borrowed from another speech community.
- The classical language and literature must be distinct from the modern language.
Which of the criteria given above are considered for declaring a language as a classical language in India?
- 1, 2, and 3 only
- 2, 3, and 4 only
- 1, 3, and 4 only
- 1, 2, 3, and 4
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: d
Answer: (d) 1, 2, 3, and 4
Explanation:
All the listed criteria are considered for declaring a language as a classical language in India. These criteria ensure that the language has a rich heritage, an ancient and original literary tradition, and is distinct from the modern form of the language.
I. UPSC Mains Practice Questions
- In the context of rising tensions in the South China Sea, why is there a need to protect maritime security and ensure freedom of navigation and overflight in the region?” Discuss keeping Indian interests in mind. (150 words, 10 marks) (General Studies – II, International Relations)
- Consider the questions of development, marketing and pricing of an Indian HPV vaccine for prevention of cervical cancer in India. What is its significance and how can it contribute to the fight against cervical cancer in India? (250words, 15 marks) (General Studies – III, Science and Technology)
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