Cells of multicellular entities do not proliferate until they are ordered to do so by extracellular, growth factors and survival factors. Every... View Article
Cell-surface receptors for mitogens are also common targets of oncogenic mutations. The cytoplasmic protein kinase domain that is often found in... View Article
The proliferation of several cell types is regulated by mitogens that promote division and by anti-mitogenic factors that inhibit it. Tumour... View Article
Tumour formation generally requires mutations in multiple mitogenic components. Simultaneous activation of both Ras and Myc, for example, is far... View Article
In normal tissues, cell division is coordinated with cell growth to maintain cell size. The same is generally true in tumours, although the... View Article
Cell proliferation in normal tissues is governed not only by local mitogens and growth factors but also by survival factors that suppress... View Article
The hyperproliferation stress response tends to be suppressed in cancer cells, allowing the continued proliferation of cells carrying overactive... View Article
Tumour evolution is driven by the eventual accumulation of mutations. It is unlikely, however, that the rate of spontaneous mutation in the... View Article
About 15% of colon cancers, and a smaller fraction of other cancers, carry mutations in the enzymes responsible for a process called mismatch... View Article
Generally, Aneuploidy in cancer results from chromosomal instability (CIN), which is a rise in the rate of losses or gains of the whole... View Article
Several inherited genetic diseases in which there is a predisposition to cancer are caused by mutations in the cellular systems that respond to... View Article
Rearrangements can arise from failures in the repair of double-strand breaks by homologous recombination. As human chromosomes contain so much... View Article
Non-reciprocal translocation could be specifically dangerous if it produces a chromosome with two centromeres (a dicentric chromosome). The two... View Article
Telomeres are the tracts of repetitive DNA found at the ends of chromosomes that are packaged in particular, proteins providing a protective cap... View Article
Usually, human cancer cells have unusual numbers of chromosomes, a condition called aneuploidy. The chromosome number in the later stages of... View Article
Tetraploidy is considered mainly to be caused by failures in cytokinesis. In the mammalian cell cycle, progression from mitosis to G1 is not... View Article
Tetraploidization occurs at a small but significant rate even in normal cells, perhaps as a response to minor defects in chromosome segregation.... View Article
In most cases, Cancer is fatal as it invades tissues and colonizes them, which gradually destroys and disrupts its function. Most of the tumours... View Article
The ideal cancer treatment must achieve two goals. First, the treatment must focus specifically on tumour cells and leave normal cells unscathed.... View Article
A) RR B) rr C) Rr D) rrrr Answer:Â C) Rr Explanation: Antirrhinum or snapdragon shows incomplete dominance. In incomplete dominance there... View Article
