Permanent Settlement :

• It was initiated by Governor General Lord Cornwallis
• It was implemented in the provinces of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Banaras of UP and North Karnataka
• It was implemented in 19% of the British areas
• Cornwallis termed zamindars as the real owners of the land
• It was started only for a temporary period of 10 years in 1790, however, this system was made permanent in 1793
• In this system, the zamindars got 1/9th part while gave 8/9th to the government
• The condition was that if a zamindar was not able to pay some part, he was deprived of his Zamindari

Ryotwari :

• Peasants were the owners of their land
• Peasants were directly responsible to give revenue
• It was implemented in 51% of the British areas
• It was started in 1792 by Col. Read
• Thomas Munroe improvised this system in 1820
• Major fault in this system was the excessive land tax

Mahalwari :

• The principle of group lagaan was implemented
• Unit of land tax was known as ‘Mahal’
• Under this ‘Mahal’, one or more villages could join
• It was implemented in the areas of Punjab, UP and central Province
• It was implemented on 30% area
• It was started by Holt Mc kenzie
• The rate of land under this system was very high
• Only cash was accepted under this system

Also read-

• Indian Independence Act 1947