29 December 2023 CNA
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
A. GS 1 Related B. GS 2 Related C. GS 3 Related SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 1. Is Pegasus spyware targeting journalists in India? ECONOMY 1. India’s stationary course in the shipping value chain D. GS 4 Related E. Editorials INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 1. Houthi attacks: a threat to global shipping? F. Prelims Facts 1. Union Minister fails to break stalemate over SYL canal 2. 82nd annual Indian History Congress 3. Women account for 49% of Ayushman cards, says Ministry 4. Spectre of civil war in Sudan as civilians search for arms fearing rival militias G. Tidbits H. UPSC Prelims Practice Questions I. UPSC Mains Practice Questions
A. GS 1 Related
Nothing here for today!!!
B. GS 2 Related
Nothing here for today!!!
C. GS 3 Related
Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
1. Is Pegasus spyware targeting journalists in India?
Syllabus: Developments in Science and Technology, Effects of scientific developments in everyday life
Mains: Issues with Pegasus spyware
Context: Recent reports by The Washington Post and Amnesty International allege the use of Pegasus spyware to target journalists in India, raising concerns about privacy breaches and the potential infringement on democratic principles. The revelations have prompted legal actions and demands for transparency from the government.
Issues:
- Targeting Journalists: The Pegasus spyware is alleged to have targeted journalists in India, including Siddharth Varadarajan and Anand Mangnale. The intrusion was discovered in October 2023 after Apple warned users, including Members of Parliament, about potential ‘state-sponsored attacks’ on their iPhones.
- Zero-Click Exploits: Pegasus employed a sophisticated zero-click exploit called BLASTPAST, allowing the installation of spyware on devices without the user’s consent or any actions required. This method raises significant concerns about privacy and the vulnerability of personal devices.
- Government Surveillance Allegations: The revelations have led to accusations of mass surveillance by the government, stifling free speech and democratic dissent. Activists have filed petitions with the Supreme Court, demanding an investigation into the alleged use of Pegasus for surveillance.
Significance:
- Privacy Concerns: The use of advanced spyware like Pegasus to target journalists raises profound privacy concerns, challenging the fundamental right to privacy enshrined in the Constitution. The potential abuse of surveillance tools for political purposes undermines democratic principles.
- National Security vs. Transparency: The government’s refusal to file a detailed affidavit in response to the Supreme Court’s inquiry, citing national security concerns, has sparked a debate on the balance between national security imperatives and the need for transparency and accountability.
Solution:
- Independent Investigation: A thorough and independent investigation into the allegations of Pegasus usage is essential to ascertain the veracity of the claims. An impartial inquiry can address concerns about government surveillance and protect citizens’ rights to privacy.
- Legal Safeguards: Strengthening legal frameworks to protect individuals from unwarranted surveillance is crucial. Robust legal safeguards and oversight mechanisms can prevent misuse of surveillance technologies and hold those responsible accountable.
- Government Accountability: The government should prioritize transparency and accountability in matters of surveillance. Public disclosure of policies, procedures, and oversight mechanisms related to the use of surveillance tools can build trust and ensure responsible governance.
Nut Graf: The Pegasus spyware revelations highlight the delicate balance between national security and individual privacy. The allegations of targeting journalists and potential mass surveillance underscore the need for a comprehensive investigation and the establishment of robust legal safeguards.
1. India’s stationary course in the shipping value chain
Syllabus: Infrastructure Ports
Mains: India’s stationary course in the shipping value chain
Context: India’s maritime landscape, with its long coastline and strategic positioning, presents a paradox — a rich tradition of ship-owning and seafaring but a lag in progressing up the shipping value chain. As global shipping dynamics evolve, India’s position in the industry faces challenges, particularly in shipbuilding and ownership.
Issues:
- Historical Advantages: India had a head start in the shipping industry until the late 1980s, with a tradition of ship-owning and modern ship-owning contributions. A unique case of an Indian Navy officer commissioning giant oil tankers showcased India’s potential in the industry.
- Missed Opportunities: While India initiated in the shipping sector ahead of China, the latter leapfrogged since the late 1980s, leaving India behind. Despite a tradition of ship-owning, chartering, and modern ship-owning, India has not ascended the shipping value chain. The state-owned Shipping Corporation of India has faced challenges, impacting the order book of Indian shipyards.
- Limited Shipbuilding Presence: India’s share in global shipbuilding has dropped to practically zero, contrary to the Maritime Agenda 2020’s aim to achieve a modest 5% share. The lack of emphasis on shipbuilding and ownership in the Maritime India Vision 2030 poses a significant hurdle.
Significance:
- Economic Impact: India’s inability to move up the shipping value chain affects its economic potential. While Indian seafarers and ship management companies contribute an estimated $6 billion in foreign exchange annually, the absence of a robust shipbuilding and ownership sector hampers comprehensive economic growth.
- Strategic Importance: Shipbuilding is crucial not only for industrial growth but also for strategic power. A strong naval base relies on a robust shipbuilding sector. India’s geopolitical position and extensive coastline make shipbuilding integral to bolstering maritime capabilities.
Solution:
- Government Initiatives: A dedicated government plan, akin to China’s, focusing on ramping up shipbuilding and ownership, can propel India forward. Support for private shipyards and shipowners, aligned with a comprehensive vision, is crucial.
- Global Collaboration: Collaborations with global players in shipbuilding and ownership can bring expertise and technology transfer, fostering India’s capabilities. Joint ventures and partnerships can accelerate the learning curve and enhance competitiveness.
- Policy Reforms: Clear and consistent policies, including incentives and sops, are essential to attract private investment into shipbuilding. Streamlining regulatory processes and addressing bureaucratic hurdles can create an environment conducive to industry growth.
Nut Graf: India’s shipping industry, with its historical advantages, stands at a crossroads. Addressing the challenges and seizing opportunities in shipbuilding and ownership is pivotal for India’s economic growth, strategic positioning, and global influence.
D. GS 4 Related
Nothing here for today!!!
E. Editorials
Category: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
1. Houthi attacks: a threat to global shipping?
Syllabus: Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests.
Mains: Houthi attacks- a threat to global shipping
Context: The Red Sea region is witnessing heightened tensions due to recent drone attacks by Houthi rebels in Yemen, raising concerns about the potential threat to global shipping. This situation prompts a closer examination of the historical context of maritime threats, the specific tactics employed by the Houthi rebels, and the repercussions for industries and nations reliant on these critical waterways.
Issues:
- Escalating Drone Attacks: The Houthi rebels have escalated their attacks on commercial shipping in the Red Sea, employing drones and missiles. This poses a significant threat to the free flow of maritime commerce in the region.
- Impact on Global Shipping: The Red Sea is a vital shipping artery for global trade, with approximately 12% of global trade passing through it. The recent attacks on merchant vessels have led to concerns about potential disruptions to supply chains and economic repercussions.
- Strategic Importance of the Red Sea: The Red Sea, particularly the Bab el-Mandeb strait, is a critical choke point, making it strategically important for maritime traffic. Disruptions in this region can have far-reaching consequences for global shipping routes.
Significance:
- Economic Implications: The escalation of attacks has prompted major shipping companies to reconsider their routes, opting for longer and alternative paths. This strategic shift not only increases fuel and operating costs but also impacts shipping schedules, leading to economic implications for the affected industries and nations.
- Security Concerns: The sophistication of the Houthi rebels’ arsenal, including ballistic missiles and long-range drones, poses a security challenge. The attacks threaten maritime traffic far from the shores, necessitating a robust security response to safeguard the interests of nations and industries relying on these waters.
Solution:
- Multinational Security Initiatives: Recognizing the severity of the situation, the U.S. has announced Operation Prosperity Guardian (OPS) to address the threats and ensure the free flow of commerce in the Red Sea. Multinational cooperation is crucial in countering the Houthi attacks and maintaining maritime security.
- Increased Naval Presence: Nations, including India, have increased naval and coast guard presence in the region to counteract piracy and drone attacks. This includes deploying destroyers, patrol aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles, helicopters, and Coast Guard ships.
- Reviewing Shipping Routes: Major shipping companies are reviewing and altering their routes to avoid the Red Sea, opting for longer routes through the Southern Indian Ocean. This strategic shift requires ongoing assessment and adaptation to minimize disruptions.
Nut Graf: The escalating Houthi attacks in the Red Sea pose a serious threat to global shipping and necessitate concerted international efforts to ensure maritime security. The economic implications of rerouting vessels and the strategic importance of the Red Sea underline the urgency for effective solutions.
F. Prelims Facts
1. Union Minister fails to break stalemate over SYL canal
Context: The Sutlej-Yamuna Link (SYL) canal has become the epicentre of a prolonged water-sharing dispute between Haryana and Punjab. The recent meeting chaired by Union Jal Shakti Minister Gajendra Singh Shekhawat failed to break the stalemate, indicating the deep-rooted issues surrounding this contentious matter.
Issues:
- Historical Dispute: The issue of the SYL canal has persisted for several years, highlighting a historical discord between Haryana and Punjab.
- Non-Compliance with Supreme Court Mandate: Despite a Supreme Court mandate for the construction of the SYL, Punjab remains resistant, exacerbating the legal and interstate tensions.
- Water Scarcity Claims: Punjab Chief Minister Bhagwant Mann contends that Punjab lacks surplus water to share, challenging the very premise of constructing the SYL canal.
Significance:
- Legal Implications: The Supreme Court’s directive for the construction of the SYL canal underscores the legal significance of the issue, requiring compliance from all involved parties.
- Water Security for Haryana: Haryana emphasizes the vital role of the SYL in providing an alternative channel for water flow, addressing the excess water issue and ensuring water security for the state.
Solutions:
- Affidavit Commitment: The Punjab government’s commitment to submitting an affidavit detailing the SYL and water situation is a positive step. This commitment aims to present a comprehensive case in the upcoming Supreme Court hearing.
- Reassessment of Water Availability: Punjab’s call for a reassessment of water availability based on international norms can be explored as a cooperative solution. A transparent evaluation of water resources can provide a factual basis for negotiations
2. 82nd annual Indian History Congress
Context: The 82nd annual Indian History Congress commenced at Kakatiya University in Warangal, emphasizing the need for a scientific approach to interpreting the past. The gathering, hosted by Kakatiya University, underscores the significance of history as a secular discipline that can counter prevailing challenges.
Issues:
- Challenges to Historical Objectivity: The opening remarks by S.A.N Rezavi highlight the current threat of reducing history to mythology, emphasizing the pressing need to counter this trend.
- Distortion of History: The assertion that attempts are being made to disturb the past, break civilization, and divide people raises concerns about the distortion of historical narratives for ideological purposes.
- Role of Historians: The historical significance of the Indian History Congress is highlighted, especially in its role during critical moments such as the Emergency, where historians played a crucial part in opposing unfavorable actions.
Significance:
- Secular Scientific Approach: The Indian History Congress is presented as an advocate for a secular scientific approach to studying the past, countering attempts to manipulate history for political or ideological gains.
- Defender of Values: The Congress is portrayed as a defender of cherished values such as equity, equality, justice, secularism, humanism, democracy, and civil liberties as enshrined in the Constitution. These values are seen as under threat and questioned by forces antithetical to their essence.
Solutions:
- Historical Vigilance: The call for historians to remember and uphold their contribution in times of historical distortion and challenges implies a need for continued vigilance and active engagement in safeguarding the integrity of historical narratives.
- Educational Initiatives: Promoting a scientific approach to history within educational institutions is crucial to cultivating a nuanced understanding of the past. Initiatives that encourage critical thinking and objective analysis can contribute to countering historical distortions.
3. Women account for 49% of Ayushman cards, says Ministry
Context: The Ministry of Health has revealed encouraging statistics regarding the Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri-Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY), the world’s largest publicly funded health assurance scheme. Data indicates that women constitute a significant portion of Ayushman cardholders and authorized hospital admissions, showcasing the scheme’s inclusive reach.
Issues:
- Representation: Despite positive numbers, there may still be challenges in ensuring equitable representation across gender lines. Ongoing efforts are needed to address any potential gaps and ensure that all segments of the population benefit equally from the scheme.
- Geographical Disparities: While the scheme has made significant strides, there might be variations in its implementation across different states and union territories. Ensuring uniform coverage and accessibility remains a critical concern.
Significance:
- Gender Inclusivity: The fact that women account for nearly half of the Ayushman cards and authorized hospital admissions underscores the scheme’s commitment to gender inclusivity in healthcare access.
- Scale of the Scheme: AB PM-JAY’s status as the world’s largest publicly funded health assurance scheme, covering 55 crore individuals and 12 crore families, highlights its monumental scale and impact on public health.
- Empowered States and UTs: The flexibility granted to states and union territories to expand the beneficiary base at their own cost showcases a decentralized approach, allowing regions to tailor the scheme to their specific needs.
Solutions:
- Gender-Specific Outreach: Implementing targeted outreach programs to ensure that women, especially in rural areas, are fully aware of and able to benefit from the Ayushman scheme. This could include awareness campaigns, health camps, and community engagement initiatives.
- Addressing Regional Disparities: The government should focus on addressing potential disparities in the implementation of AB PM-JAY across states and union territories. Regular monitoring and evaluation mechanisms can identify areas that need improvement, ensuring uniform access to healthcare services.
- Continued Expansion: Encouraging states and union territories to continue expanding the beneficiary base at their own cost can contribute to reaching more individuals and families in need.
4. Spectre of civil war in Sudan as civilians search for arms fearing rival militias
Context: The escalating conflict in Sudan, marked by the swift advances of the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF), is pushing civilians to arm themselves amid fears of a potential civil war. The RSF’s aggressive campaign, capturing significant territories and facing accusations of human rights abuses, has triggered calls for armed resistance from civilians, amplifying concerns about the transformation of the conflict between rival generals into a full-blown civil war.
Issues:
- RSF Advances: The Rapid Support Forces, aligned with Army Chief Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, have made substantial territorial gains, including the capture of southern Al-Jazira State and the capital Wad Madani. Their continued push southwards into Sennar State has intensified the conflict.
- Civilian Response: Faced with the RSF’s advances and growing allegations of abuses, civilians are responding by advocating for “armed popular resistance.” This highlights the deepening mistrust between the population and paramilitary forces, potentially leading to a broader civil conflict.
- Volunteer Recruitment: The RSF’s directive to residents in controlled areas to provide volunteers armed to “protect their territory” raises concerns about the militarization of civilian populations and the potential for further violence.
Significance:
- Risk of Civil War: The specter of a civil war looms large as rival generals, Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and RSF commander Mohamed Hamdan Daglo, continue to engage in a violent power struggle. The militarization of civilians and the RSF’s territorial control heighten the risk of a broader conflict.
- Humanitarian Crisis: The ongoing violence, which has claimed over 12,000 lives and displaced at least 7.1 million people, exacerbates an already dire humanitarian crisis. The conflict is straining resources and hindering the delivery of aid to those in need.
- International Implications: The RSF commander’s visit to Ethiopia and discussions with Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed underscore the international dimensions of the conflict. Efforts to secure peace and stability in Sudan are of regional concern and may have broader implications for neighboring countries.
Solutions:
- International Mediation: Urgent diplomatic efforts and international mediation should be employed to bring the conflicting parties to the negotiating table. The involvement of regional actors, including Ethiopia, could contribute to finding a peaceful resolution to the crisis.
- Humanitarian Intervention: The international community should prioritize humanitarian intervention to address the immediate needs of the affected population. Efforts should be made to ensure the safe delivery of aid and the protection of civilians caught in the crossfire.
- Demilitarization Initiatives: Initiatives aimed at demilitarizing civilian populations and discouraging the arming of civilians must be implemented to reduce the risk of widespread violence. International bodies should work towards the disarmament of non-state actors and the protection of civilian lives.
H. UPSC Prelims Practice Questions
Q1. Consider the following statements regarding Green Hydrogen:
- During its production, renewable energy sources are employed to generate electricity, which is then used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen.
- It is a highly flammable gas.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: c
Explanation: Renewable energy sources are employed to generate electricity, which is then used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. This process results in a clean and emission-free fuel that has immense potential to replace fossil fuels and reduce carbon emissions.
Another method of producing is from biomass, which involves the gasification of biomass to produce hydrogen. Both these production methods are clean and sustainable, making Green Hydrogen an attractive option for the transition to a low-carbon future.
It is a highly flammable gas.
Q2. Consider the following statements regarding Red Sea:
- Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen border the Red Sea.
- It is linked to the Indian Ocean via the Bab el Mandeb Strait and the Gulf of Aden.
- It is one of the saltiest bodies of water in the world.
How many of the above statements is/are incorrect?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: d
Explanation: Red Sea – situated between Africa and Asia, is an inlet of the Indian Ocean. To the south, it connects with the Indian Ocean through the Bab el Mandeb Strait and the Gulf of Aden.
The northern border features the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and the Gulf of Suez, leading to the Suez Canal. The sea’s formation traces back to the splitting of the Arabian Peninsula from the Horn of Africa through the movement of the Red Sea Rift. Known for its high salinity resulting from intense evaporation and minimal precipitation, the Red Sea receives no significant rivers or streams. Crucially positioned as part of the sea routes connecting Europe, the Persian Gulf, and East Asia, the Red Sea witnesses heavy shipping traffic- – 12% of worldwide trade. Shares borders with six countries: Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, and Djibouti.
Q3. Consider the following statements regarding Pegasus:
- Like an SQL injection attack, this type of attack entails injecting harmful code into a website.
- It targets the visitor as well as the website.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: d
Explanation: Pegasus – It falls under the category of malicious software or malware known as spyware. Its purpose is to infiltrate devices discreetly, without users’ awareness, and collect personal information, which is then transmitted to the individual or entity employing the spyware.
Developed by the Israeli firm NSO Group that was set up in 2010.
Q4. Consider the following statements:
- The BSF, CRPF, and CISF fall within the category of the Central Armed Police Force (CAPF).
- The personnel of the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) are assigned the duty of safeguarding industrial units and government infrastructure.
- The Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) is tasked with the duty of upholding law and order in both states and union territories.
How many of the above statements are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: c
Explanation: CAPF, CRPF and CISF- The Indian Armed Forces and the Central Armed Police Force (CAPF) collectively serve as the defense wall. CAPF is entrusted with internal security and operates through its training centres and equipped personnel. The BSF, CRPF, and CISF fall under the CAPF category, each led by IPS officers. Notably, the Border Security Force (BSF) personnel safeguard the country’s borders, stationed along the borders of Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. Their responsibilities extend beyond border security to maintaining tranquility and combating transnational criminal activities. Conversely, the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) personnel are responsible for securing industrial units, government infrastructure, and various government establishments in India.
The Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) is tasked with the duty of upholding law and order in both states and union territories. Moreover, they are mandated to assist in critical situations or emergencies.
Q5. Which one of the following statements best reflects the Chief purpose of the 'Constitution' of a country?
- It determines the objective for the making of necessary laws.
- It enables the creation of political offices and a government.
- It defines and limits the powers of government.
- It secures social justice, social equality and social security.
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: c
Explanation: Chief Purpose of Constitution – Fundamental principles, structure, and operations of a government, as well as delineate the rights and freedoms of individuals within a nation. It stands as the highest law of the land, offering a framework for governance that maintains the equilibrium of power, safeguards individual rights, and directs the functioning of the state.
I. UPSC Mains Practice Questions
- ‘Indian diaspora has a decisive role to play in the politics and economy of America and European Countries.’ Comment with examples. (150 words, 10 marks) (UPSC 2020) (General Studies – II, International Relations)
- “Micro-finance as an anti-poverty vaccine, is aimed at asset creation and income security of the rural poor in India.” Evaluate the role of the Self Help Groups in achieving the twin objectives along with empowering women in rural India. (250 words, 15 marks) (UPSC 2020) (General Studies – II, Social issues)
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