08 Feb 2024 CNA
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
A. GS 1 Related B. GS 2 Related GOVERNANCE 1. Can’t treat SCs as homogenous group, observes CJI-led Bench C. GS 3 Related INTERNAL SECURITY 1. Mixed reactions in NE to Centre’s move to fence India-Myanmar border D. GS 4 Related E. Editorials GOVERNANCE 1. Over 20,000 FCRA licenses canceled, most from T.N. 2. Downloading child pornography is an offense INDIAN ECONOMY 1. Equity concerns in banning fossil fuel extraction F. Prelims Facts 1. In breakthrough, neural network ‘explains’ how it found new antibiotic 2. Tripura board allows Kokborok in Roman script in examinations 3. 390-year-old lamp post in Nalgonda unravels trade links of Telangana G. Tidbits H. UPSC Prelims Practice Questions I. UPSC Mains Practice Questions
A. GS 1 Related
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B. GS 2 Related
Category: GOVERNANCE
1. Can’t treat SCs as homogenous group, observes CJI-led Bench
Syllabus: Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions and Bodies constituted for the Protection and Betterment of these Vulnerable Sections.
Mains: Issues related to vulnerable section
Introduction:
In a recent development, a seven-judge Constitution Bench, led by Chief Justice of India D.Y. Chandrachud, delved into the intricacies of Scheduled Caste (SC) reservation policies. The bench’s observations shed light on the heterogeneous nature of SCs and the complexities surrounding reservation implementation.
Heterogeneity within Scheduled Castes:
The bench emphasized that SCs cannot be viewed as a monolithic entity but comprise diverse castes with varying social indicators and occupations. This diversity challenges the notion of treating SCs uniformly for reservation purposes.
Shift in Perspective:
- The bench’s approach marks a departure from the 2004 E.V. Chinnaiah case, which deemed SCs as homogenous. This indicates a nuanced understanding of social dynamics and the need for tailored reservation policies.
- Tamil Nadu’s assertion of identifying and subclassifying groups within SCs underscores the state’s commitment to social justice.
Conclusion:
The ongoing legal discourse reflects the evolving nature of reservation policies and the imperative to address the multifaceted realities of SC communities. As the bench navigates constitutional nuances, the outcome will shape the future trajectory of reservation frameworks in India.
Nut graf: The recent deliberations by a seven-judge Constitution Bench highlight the diverse composition of Scheduled Castes and the need for nuanced reservation policies. This shift in perspective underscores the evolving nature of social justice measures and the state’s obligation to address the complexities within SC communities.
C. GS 3 Related
Category: INTERNAL SECURITY
1. Mixed reactions in NE to Centre’s move to fence India-Myanmar border
Syllabus: Role of External State and Non-state Actors in Creating Challenges to Internal Security.
Mains: Border Security issue
Introduction:
Home Minister Amit Shah’s proposal to fence the India-Myanmar border has triggered diverse reactions from leaders across five northeastern states, highlighting the complexity of border management in the region.
Support from Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, and Manipur:
- Leaders of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, and Manipur have welcomed the initiative, emphasizing its potential to enhance border security and curb illegal activities.
- Manipur’s Chief Minister has been particularly vocal about the necessity of barbed wire fencing to prevent unlawful entry of Myanmar nationals into his state.
- Assam’s Chief Minister sees fencing as a means to mitigate cross-border insurgency and infiltration, a sentiment echoed by many concerned about extremist groups exploiting the porous border.
- Arunachal Pradesh’s Chief Minister expressed confidence in the fencing project’s ability to control the movement of undesirable elements, underscoring its importance for maintaining regional security.
Opposition from Manipur and Nagaland:
In contrast, leaders from Manipur and Nagaland, home to Naga insurgent groups, oppose the fencing plan. They fear it could divide Naga communities living on both sides of the border and disrupt social cohesion.
Mizoram and Nagaland’s Stance:
Mizoram’s Chief Minister, Lalduhoma, and Nagaland’s Neiphiu Rio are staunchly against erecting a barrier, asserting that communities sharing cultural ties should coexist without hindrances.
Conclusion:
The varying responses to the India-Myanmar border fencing proposal underscore the nuanced dynamics of border management and the importance of balancing security concerns with the preservation of cultural and social ties across borders in the Northeast.
Nut Graf: The proposal to fence the India-Myanmar border has sparked mixed reactions from leaders in the Northeast, with some supporting it for enhanced security, while others expressing concerns over potential social divisions.
D. GS 4 Related
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E. Editorials
Category: GOVERNANCE
1. Over 20,000 FCRA licenses canceled, most from T.N.
Syllabus: GS-2, Government Policies and Interventions for Development in various sectors and Issues arising out of their Design and Implementation, the Role of NGOs
Mains: Regulatory landscape governing non-governmental organizations
Introduction:
The recent registration of a case against human rights activist Harsh Mander and his NGO, Centre for Equity Studies (CES), by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) has brought the spotlight back on the regulatory landscape governing non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in India. Similar actions have been taken against other NGOs in recent times.
FCRA Regulations and Their Purpose:
The FCRA is aimed at regulating foreign funds received by NGOs to prevent their diversion for activities against national interests. NGOs must register under the FCRA to receive foreign funding. The cancellations of FCRA licenses by the government reflect its efforts to ensure compliance and prevent misuse of foreign contributions. However, not all cancellations are due to violations, as some are to streamline registrations and eliminate duplications.
Implications and Significance:
The recent scrutiny of NGOs highlights the importance of transparency and accountability in the management of foreign funds. It underscores the need for NGOs to adhere to FCRA regulations to prevent any misuse or diversion of foreign contributions. While cancellations and investigations may raise concerns among NGOs, they also serve to strengthen the regulatory framework and ensure that foreign funds are utilized for legitimate and beneficial purposes in India.
Way Forward: There is a need for enhanced communication and collaboration between NGOs and regulatory authorities to ensure clarity and compliance with FCRA regulations. NGOs should prioritize transparency in their financial dealings and maintain detailed records of foreign funding utilization to avoid legal complications. Capacity-building initiatives and workshops can be organized to educate NGOs about FCRA requirements and promote a culture of accountability and responsibility in the sector.
Nut Graf: The recent CBI case against Harsh Mander’s NGO sheds light on India’s NGO regulatory landscape, emphasizing FCRA’s role in governing foreign funds. It underscores the necessity for enhanced NGO transparency, compliance with FCRA regulations, and collaborative efforts with regulatory bodies to ensure proper fund utilization and accountability.
2. Downloading child pornography is an offense
Syllabus: GS-2, Government Policies and Interventions for Development in various sectors and Issues arising out of their Design and Implementation
Mains: Related to Children
Introduction:
The recent decision by the Madras High Court in the case of S. Harish vs Inspector of Police has stirred controversy and debate regarding the interpretation of laws surrounding online child exploitation. In this landmark ruling, the High Court quashed judicial proceedings related to the downloading of child pornography under Section 67B of the Information Technology (IT) Act, 2000.
Interpreting the Law:
The crux of the matter lies in the High Court’s assertion that downloading and viewing child pornography in private settings does not constitute a criminal offense. The court cited a previous judgment by the Kerala High Court, which held that viewing pornography in private spaces is not punishable under Section 292 of the Indian Penal Code. Despite forensic evidence confirming downloaded files, the Madras High Court emphasized that for an offense to occur, the accused must have published or transmitted such material.
Criticism and Concerns:
Critics argue that the judgment overlooks the broader scope of Section 67B of the IT Act, which explicitly includes downloading child pornography as an offense. The decision’s reliance on a precedent unrelated to child pornography has raised concerns about legal consistency and the protection of children from online exploitation.
Need for Legislative Amendments:
In response to the inconsistencies highlighted by the ruling, there are calls for legislative amendments to address the issue effectively. Suggestions include replacing the term “child pornography” with “CSAM” (Child Sexual Abuse Material) and appealing against the Madras High Court ruling. Such actions are necessary to uphold the law’s intent and prevent the establishment of a problematic legal precedent that could compromise efforts to combat online child exploitation.
Way Forward:
The Madras High Court’s decision has reignited discussions about the interpretation of laws concerning online child exploitation. There is a need to bring clear and consistent legal frameworks to protect vulnerable individuals in the digital age.
Nut graf: The Madras High Court’s ruling in the S. Harish vs Inspector of Police case sparked debate over the interpretation of laws on online child exploitation, particularly regarding the downloading of child pornography. Critics argue that the decision’s reliance on unrelated precedents and its impact on child protection laws necessitate legislative amendments and legal clarity to safeguard vulnerable individuals in the digital realm.
Category: INDIAN ECONOMY
1. Equity concerns in banning fossil fuel extraction
Syllabus: GS-3, Issues relating to Planning, Mobilization of Resources, Growth, Development and Employment.
Mains: Issue related to banning fossil fuels
Introduction:
Governments and corporations’ lacklustre responses to climate change have triggered a surge in climate change litigation globally. The failure to address climate concerns effectively has compelled citizens and advocacy groups to seek legal recourse, demanding accountability and action from decision-makers.
Growing Momentum for Bold Measures:
Amid mounting environmental concerns, momentum is building for decisive measures to combat climate change. Calls for the phasing out of fossil fuel subsidies and the banning of fossil fuel extraction are gaining traction worldwide. Moreover, there is increasing support for the establishment of a Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty to curb the expansion of fossil fuel industries.
Academic circles advocate for systemic changes to align with climate goals. Proposals include a coal elimination treaty by 2030 to halt coal mining and burning. The Production Gap Report 2023 underscores the urgency of bridging the gap between fossil fuel production plans and the Paris Agreement’s emission reduction targets.
International Efforts and Challenges:
- Discussions at COP26 and COP28 have underscored the imperative of transitioning away from fossil fuels to achieve net-zero emissions. However, aligning proposals with established climate change principles like Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Nationally Determined Contributions presents significant challenges.
- Transitioning from fossil fuels poses complex challenges, especially for countries heavily reliant on fossil fuel revenues. Balancing economic imperatives with environmental concerns requires meticulous planning and collaboration.
India’s Dilemma and Strategy:
India, while making strides in renewable energy, grapples with the dominance of fossil fuels due to job dependencies and economic realities. The nation seeks a differentiated approach to phasing down coal and fossil fuel subsidies while advocating for equitable solutions at international forums like COP26.
Way Forward:
Addressing climate change demands urgent and collaborative efforts from governments, corporations, and civil society. It necessitates bold measures, systemic changes, and equitable solutions to mitigate the impact of climate change and safeguard the planet for future generations.
Nut graf: Governments’ and corporations’ inadequate responses to climate change spur a surge in global litigation, pushing for accountability and bold action. Momentum grows for fossil fuel phase-outs and international treaties, yet challenges persist in aligning proposals with climate principles and balancing economic interests.
F. Prelims Facts
1. In breakthrough, neural network ‘explains’ how it found new antibiotic
Context: In 1944, the inception of artificial neural networks coincided with the discovery of streptomycin, the first aminoglycoside antibiotic, marking pivotal moments in artificial intelligence and antibiotic development.
About:
- A groundbreaking study in Nature revealed a symbiotic relationship between deep learning and antibiotics.
- Scientists employed deep learning algorithms to unearth a novel class of antibiotics, revolutionizing drug discovery.
- The findings hold promise in combating antibiotic-resistant pathogens like MRSA and VRE, offering a ray of hope amid a global health crisis. While experts applaud the study’s ingenuity, concerns linger regarding the transparency of deep learning models.
- Implicit integration of explainability could enhance trust and understanding, guiding future breakthroughs.
Significance: As the nexus between artificial intelligence and antibiotics evolves, researchers navigate uncharted territories, driven by the shared quest for innovation and medical advancement.
2. Tripura board allows Kokborok in Roman script in examinations
Context: The Tripura Board of Secondary Education (TBSE) has relented to mounting pressure from indigenous communities, tribal forums, and political factions, permitting students to use the Roman alphabet for Kokborok language exams.
About:
- Initially mandating only the Bangla script, TBSE President Dhananjay Gon Choudhury reversed course, allowing both scripts for upcoming exams.
- The decision followed protests and government intervention against the directive threatening police action on exam centre supervisors.
- The debate over script choice for Kokborok, spoken by the majority in Tripura, has persisted for years.
- While some argue for the practicality of the Bangla script, indigenous groups advocate for the Roman script to maintain their cultural identity.
Significance: Despite past efforts by state governments to resolve the issue, consensus has proven elusive. The recent decision marks a temporary resolution to a long-standing linguistic controversy in the region.
3. 390-year-old lamp post in Nalgonda unravels trade links of Telangana
Context: Archaeologists in Telangana’s Nalgonda district have unearthed a remarkable 390-year-old Deepastambham (lamp post) near the River Krishna.
About:
- Discovered by Ashok Kumar of the Public Research Institute for History, Archaeology & Heritage, the pillar boasts lamp hollows and a multi-lingual inscription in Mudimanikyam village.
- This discovery offers insight into early medieval trade connections in the region.
- Unlike the common Dhwajasthambam (flag poles) seen in temple architecture, lamp posts are a rarity in the Deccan but more common in West Coast temples.
- The inscription, dated to June 1635 and written in a combination of Telugu and Tamil, venerates Kasi Viswanatha, suggesting its role as a navigational aid along the riverine trade route.
Significance: Located around 180 kilometers from Hyderabad, the village’s historical significance adds depth to this find, enriching our understanding of ancient trade routes and practices.
G. Tidbits
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H. UPSC Prelims Practice Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements best describes the Academic Bank of Credit (ABC)?
- ABC is a physical bank where students can deposit and withdraw academic credits.
- ABC is a digital repository that stores students’ academic credits and personal information.
- ABC is an online platform exclusively for post-graduate students to store their research credits.
- ABC is a financial institution offering loans and grants based on the academic performance of students.
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: b
Explanation:
The Academic Bank of Credit (ABC) serves as a digital repository where students can store their academic credits and personal information. It facilitates easy access to academic records and allows for seamless transfer and admission processes across educational institutions. Unlike a physical bank, it does not involve the deposit or withdrawal of academic credits like money. Additionally, it is not exclusively for post-graduate students or a financial institution offering loans and grants based on academic performance.
Q2) Which of the following statements best describes the objective of the PRITHVI scheme?
- To exclusively enhance the technological advancements in the field of geology and seismology.
- To focus solely on atmospheric research and its implications on climate change.
- To improve understanding of Earth System Sciences by addressing all five components of the earth system and to provide reliable services for the country.
- To develop advanced satellite technologies for better communication systems across the country.
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: c
Explanation:
The scheme aims to enhance understanding of Earth System Sciences by addressing all five components of the earth system and providing reliable services for the country. This includes various aspects of Earth sciences beyond just geology, seismology, or atmospheric research, making it a comprehensive initiative.
Q3) Consider the following statements regarding retail inflation in India:
- Retail inflation in India is primarily measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
- The Wholesale Price Index (WPI) is the main measure used by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) for formulating monetary policy.
- High retail inflation leads to an increase in the purchasing power of consumers.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- Only 1
- Only 2
- All the three
- None of the above
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: a
Explanation:
- Retail inflation in India is primarily measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI). This index tracks the changes in the prices of a basket of goods and services consumed by households.
- The Wholesale Price Index (WPI) is not the main measure used by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) for formulating monetary policy. While WPI is an important indicator of inflation trends in the economy, the RBI primarily focuses on CPI inflation for its monetary policy decisions.
- High retail inflation does not lead to an increase in the purchasing power of consumers. In fact, high inflation erodes the purchasing power of money, as prices of goods and services rise faster than income, reducing the amount of goods and services consumers can buy with the same amount of money.
Q4) Consider the following statements regarding the significance of limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels:
- Limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius is expected to significantly reduce the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events compared to a 2 degrees Celsius warming scenario.
- A warming limit of 1.5 degrees Celsius is crucial for the survival of coral reefs, as it substantially lowers the risk of mass bleaching events and ecosystem collapse.
- The explicit goal of keeping the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, while pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius, was formally introduced and agreed upon for the first time in the Earth Summit 1992.
How many of the statements given above is/are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All the three
- None of the above
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: b
Explanation:
- Statement 1 is correct because scientific research indicates that a higher degree of warming would lead to more severe and frequent extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, heat waves, and heavy precipitation.
- Coral reefs are highly sensitive to changes in temperature, and even a slight increase beyond 1.5 degrees Celsius could lead to widespread bleaching and irreversible damage to coral ecosystems.
- Statement 3 is incorrect. The explicit goal of keeping the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, while pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius, was formally introduced and agreed upon for the first time in the Paris Agreement of 2015.
Q5) India is an important member of the ‘International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor’. If this experiment succeeds, what is the immediate advantage for India?
- It can use thorium in place of uranium for power generation
- It can attain a global role in satellite navigation
- It can drastically improve the efficiency of its fission reactors in power generation
- It can build fusion reactors for power generation
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: d
Explanation: The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) is a collaborative project aimed at demonstrating the feasibility of fusion power. Fusion reactors, if successfully developed, would provide a virtually limitless source of clean and sustainable energy.
I. UPSC Mains Practice Questions
- The attempt to end fossil fuel usage should keep the concerns of developing nations in mind. Critically analyze. (250 words, 15 marks) [GS-3, Environment]
- India needs NGOs that are transparent; NGOs need to follow government regulations but too much of regulations are wrong. Comment. (150 words, 10 marks) [GS-3, Internal Security]
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