30 Nov 2023: UPSC Exam Comprehensive News Analysis

E. Editorials

Category: POLITY

1. ECI & Model Code of Conduct

Syllabus: GS-2, Indian Polity and Constitution 

Mains: Powers, functions and responsibilities of various constitutional bodies

Introduction: ECI & Model Code of Conduct

• Recent actions by the ECI, invoking the MCC against various political leaders, raise questions about impartiality and highlight concerns over the potential misuse of investigations during elections.
• The Model Code of Conduct (MCC) serves as a guideline for parties and governments during election campaigns.
• The MCC’s enforcement depends on political cooperation and the vigilance of the Election Commission of India (ECI).

Challenges and Concerns Surrounding the Model Code of Conduct in Indian Elections:

• Selective Application of the MCC: Recent incidents of the ECI invoking the MCC against specific political figures raise concerns about the selective application of these guidelines. Actions in cases of Assam Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma, Congress leaders Rahul and Priyanka Gandhi, and Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal, while complaints against Home Minister Amit Shah have been overlooked.
• Unequal Response to Violations: The ECI’s handling of complaints suggests an unequal response to alleged violations, creating doubts about its impartiality. Complaints by the Congress regarding the Enforcement Directorate’s interference in the Chhattisgarh elections have not received the same attention as those against opposition leaders.
• Timing of a Few Decisions: The ECI’s decision to withdraw permission for the Telangana government to distribute cash to farmers under the Rythu Bandhu scheme raises questions about the timing and the potential impact on electoral dynamics. 
• Investigations for Political Purposes: Allegations of investigations being weaponized for political purposes during elections pose a significant threat to the democratic process. The ECI must address concerns about the misuse of central or state agencies in making public accusations against candidates, as seen in the Chhattisgarh case.

Issues highlighted in ECI’s Impartiality: 

• The cumulative effect of these actions and non-actions by the ECI raises doubts about its capacity to act fairly and objectively.
• Impartiality is crucial for maintaining public trust in the electoral process, and any perception of bias could undermine the democratic foundation of Indian elections.

Need for Legislative Changes:

• The government’s proposal to legislate the supremacy of the executive in appointing ECI members is a cause for concern.
• Granting the ruling party at the Centre sole control over the commission’s composition could jeopardize the independence of the ECI and compromise its ability to ensure free and fair elections.

The challenges and issues associated with the Model Code of Conduct in Indian elections highlight the necessity for a thorough evaluation and possible reforms. A fair and transparent electoral process is vital for upholding democratic principles, and addressing these concerns is pivotal to rebuilding public trust in the electoral system.

Nut Graf: The recent actions by the Election Commission of India (ECI), invoking the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) selectively, have raised concerns about impartiality and the potential misuse of investigations during elections. Unequal responses to violations, timing concerns, and doubts about the ECI’s impartiality underscore the need for comprehensive reforms to ensure a fair and transparent electoral process.

1. India backs UN resolution against Israel

Context: India’s recent vote in favour of a draft resolution in the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) expressing concern over Israel’s continued presence in the Syrian Golan raises questions about India’s foreign policy stance and its implications for regional dynamics. The Syrian Golan, occupied by Israeli forces in 1967, remains a longstanding point of contention.

Significance of India’s Vote

• Historical Context: The Israeli occupation of the Syrian Golan in 1967 has been a contentious issue, contributing to regional tensions in the Middle East.
• Global Diplomatic Landscape: India’s vote in favour of the resolution indicates a position aligned with international consensus, reflecting its stance on territorial integrity and adherence to UN resolutions.
• Strategic Implications: The vote may have broader implications for India’s diplomatic relations, especially considering its historical ties with Israel and ongoing geopolitical dynamics.

UN Resolution Details

• Draft Resolution Content: The resolution expressed deep concern over Israel’s failure to withdraw from the Syrian Golan and emphasized the illegality of Israeli settlement construction in the region.
• Global Support: The resolution received significant support in the UNGA, with 91 votes in favour, highlighting international concern regarding the situation in the Syrian Golan.
• Opposition Stance: Notably, countries like Australia, Canada, Israel, the U.K., and the U.S. voted against the resolution, indicating a divide on the issue within the international community.

India’s Foreign Policy Considerations

• Territorial Integrity: India’s vote aligns with its consistent support for the principles of territorial integrity and sovereignty, as advocated in various international forums.
• Balance in Diplomacy: The vote also showcases India’s ability to balance its diplomatic engagements, considering its historically warm ties with Israel and its commitment to broader global concerns.

2. Major oil & gas firms have pledged carbon neutrality by 2050: COP-28 Chief

Context: The 28th Conference of Parties (COP-28) president-designate, Sultan Al Jaber, announced that several major oil and gas companies have pledged to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. This development revealed ahead of the United Nations climate summit, marks a significant shift in the approach of these companies towards addressing climate change.

Issues

• Historical Carbon Footprint: The oil and gas sector has been a major contributor to global carbon emissions, with operations accounting for approximately 15% of total energy-related emissions, as estimated by the International Energy Agency (IEA).
• Lack of Transparency: While the commitment to carbon neutrality is a positive step, the lack of disclosure regarding the names of the organizations involved raises questions about transparency and accountability.
• Challenges in Achieving Targets: Achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 is a complex task, requiring substantial changes in operational practices, technology adoption, and investment in sustainable energy solutions.

Significance of Pledges

• Unprecedented Alignment: The commitment of oil and gas companies to net-zero targets represents a landmark shift, indicating a collective acknowledgment of the sector’s role in climate change and a shared responsibility for mitigation.
• Methane Reduction Targets: The alignment towards net-zero methane targets by 2030 demonstrates an accelerated focus on reducing short-term climate pollutants, addressing a critical aspect of environmental conservation.
• COP-28 Diplomatic Achievements: The COP-28 presidency, under the UAE, succeeded in fostering alignment between the U.S. and China, the world’s two major economies, towards climate action and methane emission reduction.

3. The Hump Air Route

Context: The inauguration of ‘The Hump WWII Museum’ in Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh, marks a significant tribute to fallen airmen who navigated the perilous air route known as ‘The Hump’ during World War II. This museum commemorates the bravery and sacrifices of Allied pilots and highlights the historical significance of the region during the war.

Details:

• The Treacherous ‘Hump’ Route: ‘The Hump’ was a challenging air route between northeastern Assam and Yunnan in China, characterized by deep gorges and mountains rising beyond 10,000 feet. Some 650 aircraft crashed on this route from 1942-45, leading to the loss of lives.
• Historical Remnants: About 30 locations in Arunachal Pradesh are believed to still contain remnants of WWII aircraft, reflecting the need for exploration and preservation efforts to safeguard this historical heritage.

Significance

• International Collaboration: The inauguration was attended by Eric Garcetti, the U.S. Ambassador to India, highlighting the international significance of the museum and the shared history between the Allied forces and Arunachal Pradesh.
• Remembrance and Education: The museum serves as a tribute from the people of Arunachal Pradesh to the fallen heroes of WWII, preserving the memory of Allied pilots who flew over ‘The Hump.’ It also educates the younger generation about the bravery and sacrifices made during the war.
• Cultural Exchange: The initiative fosters cultural exchange and strengthens diplomatic ties, as evident in the collaborative efforts between the U.S. and Arunachal Pradesh in establishing the museum.

4. Lantana camara invasive species

Context: The sculptures of elephants made of Lantana camara, an invasive weed, displayed at Gopala Gowda Circle outside the Vidhana Soudha in Bengaluru.

Image source: The Hindu

Details: 

• Lantana is one of the world’s ten worst invasive species and a species of High Concern for India. 
• It competes with native plants for space and resources and also alters the nutrient cycle in the soil. 
• This invasion has resulted in the scarcity of native forage plants for wild herbivores

5. Centre to provide drones to women groups for use in agriculture

Context: The Union Cabinet, led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has approved a scheme to provide drones to 15,000 women self-help groups (SHGs) for agricultural purposes. The initiative aims to empower women in rural areas, enhance agricultural practices, and contribute to farmers’ well-being.

Issues

• Limited Technological Access: Many farmers, especially in rural areas, have limited access to advanced agricultural technologies, hindering optimal productivity and efficiency.
• Gender Disparities: Women in rural areas often face challenges in accessing opportunities for skill development and income generation. Bridging this gender gap is crucial for inclusive rural development.
• Economic Feasibility: Identifying economically feasible clusters for drone usage is essential to ensure the effectiveness and sustainability of the initiative.

Significance

• Empowering Women: Providing drones to women’s self-help groups empowers them with technological tools, fostering their active participation in agriculture and rural development.
• Agricultural Efficiency: The use of drones for nano fertilizer and pesticide applications enhances agricultural practices, leading to increased crop yield and sustainable farming.
• Financial Support: The financial outlay of ₹1,261 crore over two years demonstrates the government’s commitment to supporting women’s groups and promoting technological advancements in agriculture.

6. The Fast Track Special Court Scheme

Context: The Union Cabinet has approved the extension of the Fast Track Special Court (FTSC) Scheme for three more years, focusing on expediting the justice delivery process, particularly in cases of sexual offences. 

• The scheme, launched in 2019, aims to address the challenges in the legal system and enhance the speedy disposal of cases related to rape and offenses under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act.

Issues

• Underutilization of Courts: Despite the initial plan to set up 1,023 fast-track courts, only 754 are operational due to the failure of several states to fulfil their commitment to establishing these courts, resulting in a shortage.
• Legal Backlog: The persisting backlog of cases related to sexual offences and crimes against children highlights the need for a comprehensive strategy to address the delays in the justice system.

Significance

• Swift Disposal of Cases: The FTSC Scheme plays a crucial role in expediting the legal process, ensuring swift disposal of cases and delivering justice to victims of sexual offences.
• Focus on POCSO Cases: The establishment of dedicated POCSO courts under the scheme demonstrates a targeted approach to handle cases related to crimes against children, addressing the unique challenges associated with such offenses.
• National Reach: The scheme’s coverage across 30 States and Union Territories, with 761 operational fast-track courts, signifies a nationwide effort to enhance the efficiency of the justice system.

7. Sri Lanka reaches deal with India & Paris Club

Context: Sri Lanka has reached an “agreement in principle” with India and the Paris Club, including Japan, on a debt treatment plan. This development is crucial for Sri Lanka to access the next tranche of the International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) nearly $3-billion recovery package, following the country’s decision to default on its significant foreign debt amid an economic crisis.

Issues

• Economic Crisis and Debt Default: Sri Lanka’s decision to default on its nearly $51 billion foreign debt during the economic crisis created a need for comprehensive restructuring to initiate an IMF-backed economic recovery program.
• Creditor Parity and Transparency: The Official Creditor Committee (OCC), co-chaired by India, Japan, and France, emphasized the importance of creditor parity and transparency, with China, Sri Lanka’s largest bilateral creditor, choosing not to participate in the platform.
• Private Creditor Engagement: The OCC urged Sri Lanka to engage with its private creditors, who hold a significant portion of the country’s foreign debt, to secure agreements on terms at least as favourable as those offered by the OCC.

Significance

• Access to IMF Recovery Package: The agreement with India and the Paris Club is essential for Sri Lanka to tap into the next tranche of the IMF’s recovery package, providing crucial financial support for the country’s economic stabilization and growth.
• Creditor Cooperation: The engagement with major creditors, including India and Japan, signifies international cooperation to address Sri Lanka’s debt challenges and supports a coordinated effort for economic recovery.
• China’s Role: China’s decision to stay out of the OCC platform but attend meetings as an observer raises questions about its stance in the debt restructuring process and the need for transparent participation.

8. 16th Finance Commission

Context: The Union Cabinet has approved the terms of reference (ToR) for the Sixteenth Finance Commission, setting the stage for the panel to recommend the revenue-sharing formula between the Centre and States for the five-year period starting April 1, 2026. 

• The Finance Commission’s recommendations, crucial for fiscal federalism, will encompass various aspects, including the distribution of net proceeds of taxes, allocation among States, and measures to enhance the Consolidated Fund of a State.

Issues

• Fiscal Federalism Challenges: The evolving economic landscape and fiscal challenges require a comprehensive approach in determining the formula for sharing revenues between the Centre and States to ensure balanced fiscal federalism.
• Resource Augmentation for Local Bodies: The panel needs to address the need for measures to augment the Consolidated Fund of a State, specifically to supplement resources for panchayats and local bodies, aligning with the recommendations of State Finance Commissions.
• Disaster Management Financing: The existing arrangements for financing Disaster Management initiatives may need a thorough review, and appropriate recommendations should be made to address gaps and enhance effectiveness.

Q1. With reference to the Paris Club, which of the following statements is/are correct?

Q2. Consider the following statements regarding Lantana camara, 
an invasive shrub species spreading across India?

Q3. With reference to the Fast Track Special Court (FTSC) Scheme, 
which of the following statements is/are correct?

Q4.Which of the following correctly describes the Golan Heights?

Q5.Consider the following statements regarding Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana – National 
Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM):