18 June 2024 CNA
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
A. GS 1 Related B. GS 2 Related INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 1. NSAs of India, U.S. review progress on iCET, silent on Pannun investigation 2. Gupta extradited to U.S., pleads not guilty in Pannun murder plot case 3. Netanyahu dissolves War Cabinet after Gantz’s exit C. GS 3 Related D. GS 4 Related E. Editorials INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 1. Negotiating for peace ENVIRONMENT 1. The last continent must remain a pristine wilderness F. Prelims Facts 1. One year after Titan’s fatal dive, explorers vow to pursue ocean’s secrets 2. Cancel green nod given to Great Nicobar project: Cong. G. Tidbits H. UPSC Prelims Practice Questions I. UPSC Mains Practice Questions
A. GS 1 Related
Nothing here for today!!!
B. GS 2 Related
Category: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
1. NSAs of India, U.S. review progress on iCET, silent on Pannun investigation
Syllabus: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s Interests
Prelims: iCET
Mains: India- US relations
Context: The recent visit of U.S. National Security Advisor (NSA) Jake Sullivan to India saw significant developments in the Indo-U.S. strategic partnership. Sullivan and his Indian counterpart, Ajit Doval, reviewed the progress of the Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology (iCET).
- Amidst these discussions, the extradition of Indian national Nikhil Gupta to the U.S. for his alleged involvement in a murder plot against Sikh separatist Gurpatwant Singh Pannun was a notable backdrop, though it was not officially addressed.
iCET Review and Technological Cooperation
- Key Objectives: Preventing leakage of sensitive technologies to countries of concern, fostering co-production, and co-development in critical and emerging technologies.
- Semiconductor Partnership: Launch of a new strategic semiconductor partnership between General Atomics and Indian firm 3rdiTech.
- Military and Defense Cooperation: Discussions on India’s acquisition of MQ-9B drones, co-production of land warfare systems, and the development of GE-414 jet engines and Stryker infantry vehicles.
- Mineral Security Partnership: Emphasis on diversifying critical mineral supply chains through projects in South America and Africa.
Diplomatic and Strategic Meetings
- High-Level Engagements: Sullivan’s meetings with External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar and Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
- Industry Engagement: Planned iCET roundtable with industry heads organized by the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII).
Context of Gupta’s Extradition
- Gupta’s Charges: Involvement in a plot to assassinate Khalistani separatist Gurpatwant Singh Pannun.
- Diplomatic Silence: Neither side confirmed if the Pannun case was discussed during Sullivan’s visit.
- Indian Investigation: India has instituted a high-level investigation into the allegations against Gupta.
Issues
- Technology Leakage: Ensuring that critical technologies do not fall into the hands of countries of concern.
- Strategic Dependence: Reducing reliance on Chinese technology and mineral supply chains.
- Diplomatic Sensitivities: Managing the extradition case amidst high-stakes diplomatic and strategic discussions.
- Defense Cooperation: Advancing defense co-production and acquisitions to bolster bilateral military capabilities.
Significance
- Strengthened Strategic Partnership: Enhances the Indo-U.S. relationship through cooperation in critical and emerging technologies.
- Technological Edge: Positions both nations at the forefront of innovation and technological advancement.
- Economic Impact: Boosts industrial cooperation and creates new opportunities in defense and semiconductor sectors.
- Geopolitical Influence: Reduces dependency on China and strengthens supply chain resilience in critical minerals.
Solutions
- Enhanced Coordination: Continuous high-level dialogues and strategic meetings to address emerging challenges and opportunities.
- Robust Legal Frameworks: Developing stringent policies to prevent the leakage of sensitive technologies.
- Joint Ventures: Encouraging more joint ventures in technology and defense sectors to foster mutual growth and security.
- Transparent Investigations: Ensuring transparent and thorough investigations into sensitive cases like Gupta’s to maintain trust and credibility.
Nut Graf: The visit of U.S. NSA Jake Sullivan to India has underscored the growing strategic and technological partnership between the two nations. While the focus remained on the progress of the iCET and related initiatives, the backdrop of Nikhil Gupta’s extradition highlights the complex interplay of legal and diplomatic issues. Moving forward, sustained collaboration and transparent communication will be crucial in navigating these challenges and leveraging the opportunities in the Indo-U.S. relationship.
2. Gupta extradited to U.S., pleads not guilty in Pannun murder plot case
Syllabus: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s Interests
Mains: India- US relations
Context: The extradition of Indian national Nikhil Gupta to the U.S. on charges of involvement in a murder-for-hire plot has garnered significant international attention. Gupta, accused of plotting to assassinate Khalistani separatist Gurpatwant Singh Pannun, pleaded not guilty in a U.S. federal court.
Background of the Case
- Accused and Charges: Nikhil Gupta, 52, accused of plotting to murder Gurpatwant Singh Pannun.
- Extradition Details: Gupta was extradited from the Czech Republic following his arrest in 2023 at the request of the U.S. government.
- Legal Proceedings: Gupta’s extradition was upheld by the Czech Constitutional Court despite his petition against it.
- Defense Stance: Gupta’s attorney emphasized the complexity of the case and the need for due process.
Allegations and Denial
- U.S. Allegations: Prosecutors allege Gupta was directed by an unnamed Indian government official.
- Indian Government’s Position: India denies involvement and has launched a high-level investigation into the allegations.
Diplomatic Implications
- Senators’ Response: A group of Democratic Senators urged the Biden administration for a strong diplomatic response and accountability for those involved.
- Call for Briefing: Senators requested a briefing on the U.S. administration’s engagement with India regarding the matter.
Issues
- Legal Complexities: Ensuring fair trial and due process amidst international scrutiny.
- Diplomatic Tensions: Potential strain on India-U.S. relations due to the allegations.
- Public and Political Reactions: Managing public perception and political reactions in both countries.
- Security Concerns: Addressing the broader implications of such plots on national security.
Significance
- Rule of Law: Emphasizes the importance of due process and fair trial in international extraditions.
- International Relations: Highlights the diplomatic challenges and sensitivities involved in extradition cases.
- National Security: Underscores the need for vigilance against transnational plots and the involvement of foreign nationals in such activities.
- Legal Precedents: Sets a precedent for handling similar cases in the future, impacting international law and extradition treaties.
Solutions
- Ensuring Due Process: Guaranteeing a fair trial for Gupta with robust legal representation and impartial judicial proceedings.
- Diplomatic Engagement: Strengthening diplomatic channels between the U.S. and India to manage the situation and address mutual concerns.
- Transparent Investigation: Conducting a transparent and thorough investigation by India into the allegations to maintain credibility.
- International Cooperation: Enhancing international cooperation to prevent and address such criminal activities effectively.
Nut Graf: The extradition and trial of Nikhil Gupta for an alleged murder plot against a Sikh extremist highlight the intricate interplay between legal proceedings and international diplomacy. Ensuring due process and maintaining transparent investigations are crucial for upholding justice and managing diplomatic relations. As the case unfolds, it will be imperative for both India and the U.S. to navigate the complexities with prudence and uphold the principles of law and international cooperation.
3. Netanyahu dissolves War Cabinet after Gantz’s exit
Syllabus: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s Interests
Mains: War in Gaza, impact on world politics
Context: Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu recently dissolved the War Cabinet following the exit of Benny Gantz, a significant figure in the government coalition. Gantz’s departure, due to disagreements over the conduct of the war in Gaza, marks a critical shift in Israel’s political landscape and the management of the ongoing conflict.
Background of the War Cabinet
- Formation: The War Cabinet was established after the October 7 Hamas attack on southern Israel, comprising Netanyahu, Defence Minister Yoav Gallant, and Benny Gantz.
- Purpose: Created to make key decisions regarding the war in Gaza and to present a unified front.
Gantz’s Departure
- Reasons for Exit: Disagreements with Netanyahu’s handling of the war.
- Impact on Government: Gantz’s exit leaves Netanyahu more reliant on ultranationalist allies, who have strong stances against cease-fire deals and favour reoccupying Gaza.
Dissolution of the War Cabinet
- Immediate Consequences: Netanyahu will now hold smaller forums with selected government members to make decisions on sensitive war issues.
- Security Cabinet: The security Cabinet, which includes far-right members, will play a more prominent role in decision-making.
Issues
- Political Stability: Gantz’s departure introduces instability in the government at a crucial time.
- Policy Direction: Shift towards more hardline policies due to the increased influence of ultranationalist allies.
- International Credibility: Loss of Gantz, a respected statesman, could affect Israel’s diplomatic relations and credibility.
Significance
- Internal Governance: Changes in the decision-making process within the Israeli government.
- War Strategy: Potential shift in Israel’s approach to the Gaza conflict, possibly towards more aggressive tactics.
- Diplomatic Relations: Impact on Israel’s relations with international partners due to changes in the composition and approach of the Israeli government.
Solutions
- Inclusive Decision-making: Ensuring a more balanced approach by involving a broader spectrum of political voices in critical decisions.
- Diplomatic Engagement: Strengthening diplomatic efforts to maintain international support and credibility.
- Conflict Management: Adopting strategies that balance military objectives with humanitarian considerations to mitigate international criticism.
Nut Graf: The dissolution of the War Cabinet following Benny Gantz’s exit marks a pivotal moment in Israeli politics and the ongoing conflict in Gaza. This development underscores the need for balanced governance and strategic decision-making to navigate the complex war dynamics and maintain international relations. As Israel continues to face significant challenges, inclusive and measured approaches will be crucial for long-term stability and credibility.
C. GS 3 Related
Nothing here for today!!!
D. GS 4 Related
Nothing here for today!!!
E. Editorials
Category: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Syllabus: GS-2, Effect of Policies and Politics of Developed and Developing Countries on India’s Interests
Mains: Peace summit to end the Russia – Ukraine conflict
Introduction:
- The two-day “Summit on Peace” held in Burgenstock concluded with mixed outcomes.
- Over 90 countries participated, with 56 represented by leaders.
- The final joint communiqué was signed by about 82 countries and organizations, excluding a few such as India.
- The communiqué called for an end to the “ongoing war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine,” emphasizing sovereignty, territorial integrity, and adherence to international law.
- It highlighted three key areas: nuclear safety, food security, and the exchange of all prisoners of war, displaced, and detained Ukrainians.
Mixed Outcomes and Shortcomings:
- Despite the Ukrainian President Zelenskyy hailing a “historic victory,” the summit had notable shortcomings.
- Switzerland’s decision not to invite Russia and base negotiations on the Ukraine Peace Formula made the event appear one-sided.
- The failure to convince China to send a delegation was a significant setback.
- No BRICS member, current or future, signed the statement, indicating limited support from emerging economies.
India’s Participation:
- Switzerland, Ukraine, and other Western countries made efforts to win India’s favour for the conference.
- Indian Prime Minister Modi received a last-minute appeal from Mr. Zelenskyy at the G-7 outreach summit in Italy.
- India, a close partner of Russia and a key Global South player was seen as a potential major win for the organizers.
- While India participated in preparatory conferences, its delegation at the summit was led by the Secretary (West) in the External Affairs Ministry.
India’s Stance:
- India has consistently abstained from resolutions at the UN, Security Council, IAEA, Human Rights Council, and other multilateral forums that criticize Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.
- While India shares concerns over much of the conference’s text, it could not support its overtly anti-Russian stance.
- India’s presence at the conference signalled its willingness to be part of the process for a more inclusive future conference, potentially with both Russia and Ukraine at the table.
- Thus, India’s decision to attend the conference but not endorse its outcome was a calculated choice.
Nut Graf: India’s decision to attend but not endorse the Swiss “Summit on Peace” reflects its balanced approach to the Russia-Ukraine conflict, signalling a willingness to participate in future inclusive negotiations while abstaining from overtly anti-Russian resolutions.
Category: ENVIRONMENT
1. The last continent must remain a pristine wilderness
Syllabus: GS-3, Environmental Pollution and Degradation
Mains: Regulating Tourism in the Antarctic
Introduction: Surge in Antarctic Tourism
- Since the early 1990s, Antarctic tourism has surged dramatically, from a few thousand to over 100,000 tourists in the 2022-23 season.
- The International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO) estimates 118,089 tourists in 2023-2024.
- The United States and China account for more than 40% of tourists.
- Tourists typically embark on multi-day expeditions, ranging from wildlife observation and photography to mountain climbing and skiing.
Environmental and Regulatory Challenges:
- Increased human presence disrupts wildlife, damages ecosystems, and risks introducing invasive species.
- Ship traffic pollutes waters, and tourism contributes to the global carbon footprint.
- Climate change exacerbates these issues by increasing ecosystem vulnerability and opening new areas for tourism.
- The current governance framework is fragmented and lacks specific tourism regulations.
- The Antarctic Treaty (1961) prioritizes peaceful use and scientific research, while the Madrid Protocol offers broad environmental guidelines but lacks specificity for tourism.
Gaps in Governance and Progress at ATCM-46:
- The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM) is the primary platform for international cooperation on Antarctic issues.
- The 46th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM-46) in Kochi, Kerala, highlighted the need for a regulatory framework but failed to reach a consensus.
- Unanimous agreement from all consultative parties is required, slowing action and allowing national interests to impede progress.
- A newly established working group will focus on developing a “comprehensive, flexible, and dynamic” framework for regulating tourism over the next year.
- The current reliance on IAATO’s self-regulation is deemed inadequate for protecting wildlife and ecosystems.
India’s Position and Future Steps:
- At ATCM 44 (2022), India raised concerns about tourism’s impact on Antarctic research, conservation, and the environment.
- Resolution 5 (2022) advised against building tourism-related structures with significant environmental impacts.
- Despite the lack of international consensus, India enacted its own Antarctic Law in 2022.
- Strengthening environmental protection, implementing robust monitoring programs, and fostering international cooperation are crucial for sustainable Antarctic tourism.
- The efforts at ATCM-46 offer hope for a science-based approach to preserving Antarctica while recognizing the potential benefits of responsible tourism.
Nut Graf: The 46th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting highlighted the urgent need for a comprehensive regulatory framework to manage the rapidly growing Antarctic tourism, balancing environmental protection, scientific research, and responsible tourism amid the challenges of international consensus and climate change.
F. Prelims Facts
1. One year after Titan’s fatal dive, explorers vow to pursue ocean’s secrets
Context: The tragic implosion of the Titan submersible, which claimed the lives of all five individuals aboard, occurred a year ago during an expedition to the Titanic wreckage. Despite the disaster, the passion for ocean exploration remains undiminished, with many in the field continuing their endeavours to unlock the ocean’s mysteries.
The Titan Disaster
- Incident Overview: The Titan, an experimental submersible, vanished on June 18, 2023, while en route to the Titanic wreckage site. It was found destroyed after a five-day search.
- Casualties: The disaster claimed the lives of Stockton Rush, Shahzada Dawood and his son Suleman Dawood, Hamish Harding, and Paul-Henri Nargeolet.
- Design Concerns: The Titan’s unconventional design and refusal to undergo standard independent checks raised safety questions.
Investigation and Findings
- US Coast Guard Inquiry: A high-level investigation was convened but is taking longer than expected. A public hearing is scheduled for later.
- Recovery Efforts: Authorities recovered debris, the intact endcap, and presumed human remains from the ocean floor near the Titanic.
Continuing Ocean Exploration
- Scientific Community’s Stance: Veteran ocean explorers and scientists remain committed to deep-sea exploration, emphasizing the importance of continuing such missions safely.
- Technological Advances: Advances in technology are fueling a new era of exploration, enabling more thorough and safer studies of underwater environments.
OceanGate’s Role
- Company’s Suspension: OceanGate, which owned the Titan, suspended operations following the disaster. Former advisers and associates continue to reflect on the event and its impact.
Significance
- Advancements in Exploration: Despite the tragedy, the quest for ocean exploration persists, driven by scientific curiosity and technological advancements.
- Lessons Learned: The disaster serves as a poignant reminder of the risks involved, underscoring the need for stringent safety measures.
- Inspiring Innovation: The continuous pursuit of ocean exploration inspires innovations that enhance our understanding of the marine world.
2. Cancel green nod given to Great Nicobar project: Cong.
Context: The opposition party has called for the cancellation of environmental clearances and a comprehensive review of the ₹72,000-crore infrastructure project on Great Nicobar Island. The project, endorsed by the government, involves extensive development activities including a trans-shipment port, international airport, township development, and a gas and solar-based power plant.
Overview of the Great Nicobar Project
- Project Components: Development of a trans-shipment port, international airport, township, and a 450-MVA gas and solar power plant.
- Scale and Location: The project spans 130 sq. km. of pristine forest on Great Nicobar Island.
- Environmental Clearance: Granted by an expert committee, fulfilling one of the mandatory prerequisites.
Legal and Environmental Challenges
- National Green Tribunal (NGT) Involvement: The project is under legal scrutiny, with the NGT constituting an expert committee to investigate the environmental clearance aspects.
Concerns Raised:
- Earthquake-prone zone: The coastline where the port is proposed is vulnerable to earthquakes and experienced a permanent subsidence of about 15 feet during the tsunami.
- Environmental Impact: Potential destruction of pristine forests and biodiversity.
Issues
- Environmental Concerns: The potential destruction of ecologically sensitive areas and the long-term environmental impact.
- Safety Risks: The location’s susceptibility to natural disasters such as earthquakes and tsunamis.
- Regulatory and Legal Oversight: Ensuring that environmental clearances are thoroughly reviewed and justified.
- Economic vs. Environmental Trade-offs: Balancing infrastructure development with ecological preservation.
Significance
- Biodiversity Conservation: The project area is a critical habitat for numerous species, emphasizing the need for conservation.
- Disaster Risk Management: Considering the island’s vulnerability to natural disasters is crucial for sustainable development.
- Legal Precedents: The outcome of the NGT’s review could set important precedents for future infrastructure projects in ecologically sensitive areas.
- Public and Political Response: Reflects the growing public and political emphasis on sustainable development and environmental protection.
G. Tidbits
Nothing here for today!!!
H. UPSC Prelims Practice Questions
Q1. India has purchased the MQ-9B unmanned aerial vehicles from:
- Russia
- Israel
- USA
- France
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: c
Explanation: MQ-9B is a high-altitude, long-endurance armed Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), capable of remotely controlled or autonomous flight operations.
Q2. Consider the following statements about the Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technologies (iCET):
- The iCET is being run by the National Security Council of both countries.
- Under iCET India and the USA have unveiled a roadmap for enhanced collaboration in high-technology areas.
- It was officially launched in January 2023.
How many of these statements is/are correct?
- One only
- Two only
- All three
- None of the above
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: c
Explanation: All three statements are correct. Under the Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technologies (iCET), India and the US have unveiled a roadmap for enhanced collaboration in high-technology areas.
Q3. Consider the following statements about the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM):
- It is convened annually under the Antarctic Treaty System.
- It was established under the Madrid Protocol.
Which of these statements is/are incorrect?
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: d
Explanation: Both the statements are correct.
Q4. Consider the following statements with respect to Article 77:
- Article 77 is a provision in the Indian Constitution that governs how government business is conducted.
- It states that there shall be a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the President who shall, in the exercise of his functions, act in accordance with such advice.
Which of these statements is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: a
Explanation: Statement 2 is incorrect. Article 77 states that all executive actions of the Government of India shall be expressed to be taken in the name of the President. The article deals with how government business is conducted.
Q5. Consider the following statements about the Great Nicobar Island (GNI) Project:
- It is a mega project planned at the northern part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
- The project includes an international container transhipment terminal, a greenfield international airport, township development, and a 450 MVA gas and solar-based power plant on the island.
Which of these statements is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: b
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. It is a mega project planned at the southern end of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The Great Nicobar Island (GNI) is situated at the southern end of the A&N group of Islands in the Bay of Bengal.
I. UPSC Mains Practice Questions
- Conserving Antarctica from anthropogenic activities is of utmost importance to maintain its unique identity. Comment. (10 marks, 150 words) [GS-3, Environment]
- Discuss in detail the India-US strategic partnership in different areas of cooperation. (15 marks, 250 words) [GS-2, International Relations]
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