Flashcards For NEET Biology - Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

Flashcards for NEET Biology are designed to boost your NEET preparation. Find below flashcards for Biotechnology: Principles and Processes. These flashcards on Biotechnology: Principles and Processes are prepared as per the NEET syllabus. This is helpful for aspirants of NEET and other exams during last-minute revision. Flashcards For NEET Biology – Biotechnology: Principles and Processes, covers all the important points that are frequently asked in the exam. Check BYJU’S for the full set of Flashcards and Study material for NEET Biology. Solve NEET Biology MCQs to check your understanding and outperform in the exam.

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Name of the NEET sub-section Topic Flashcards helpful for
Biology Biotechnology: Principles and Processes NEET exams

 

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Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
Genetic engineering Manipulation and alteration of the genetic makeup of organisms using biotechnology

Recombinant DNA (rDNA) is used

An organism with a desired trait is generated

Bioprocess engineering Use of biotechnology in chemical engineering processes to manufacture products from living organisms in a large quantity

E.g. vitamins, vaccines, antibiotics, etc.

Plasmid Extrachromosomal, circular DNA, which replicates autonomously

E.g. commonly present in bacteria

Recombinant DNA (rDNA) DNA formed by combining DNA pieces or desired genes of two different species or organisms

Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer produced the first artificial rDNA by adding antibiotic-resistant genes to the plasmid of Salmonella typhimurium

Restriction enzymes Molecular scissors, restriction endonucleases

They cut the DNA at a specific palindromic sequence forming sticky ends

Werner Arber, Hamilton Smith, and Daniel Nathans discovered

Hind II– the first restriction endonuclease

EcoRI Isolated from E.coli RY13

Recognition site, where the enzyme cuts is G/AATTC (5’→3’) and in the complementary strand it is CTTAA/G (3’→5’)

Discovered in Boyer’s UCSF lab

DNA Ligase Joins the sticky ends of DNA fragments cut by restriction enzymes

Joins Okazaki fragments of lagging strand during replication

Paul Berg Father of genetic engineering

Carried out gene-splicing experiments

Added genes of lambda phage virus into DNA of SV-40 virus

Received Nobel prize in 1980

Vectors DNA carriers for transferring the desired gene or DNA fragment into the host

E.g. plasmids (pBR322, Ti), bacteriophages (λ phage)

pBR322 E.coli plasmid

Origin of replication- ori

Selectable markers- ampicillin and tetracycline resistant genes, i.e. ampR and tetR

Restriction sites- BamH I, Sal I (in tetR gene), Hind III, EcoR I, Pvu II, Pst I (in ampR gene), Cla I, etc.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) In vitro synthesis of multiple copies of genes of interest, invented by Kary Mullis

The oligonucleotide primer is used after denaturation- Annealing

Primer is extended using thermostable DNA polymerase, i.e. Taq polymerase isolated from Thermus aquaticus (bacterium)

Gene transfer Introducing foreign DNA into host cell

Using vector

Without vector- microinjection (direct injection of rDNA into the nucleus of animal cells)

Biolistics or gene gun- plant cells are bombarded with microparticles of gold or tungsten coated with DNA

Elution The process of cutting and extracting separated DNA pieces from gel electrophoresis
Downstream processing The process of separation and purification to make the finished product after biosynthesis

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Also Check:

NEET Flashcards: Human Health And Disease

NEET Flashcards: Strategies For Enhancement In Food Production

NEET Flashcards: Microbes In Human Welfare

NEET Flashcards: Biotechnology And Its Applications

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