Flashcards For NEET Biology - Human Health and Disease

E.g. bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, etc.

Mode of infection- contaminated air, utensil, etc.

Symptoms- stomach ache, constipation, intestinal perforation, etc.

Test- Widal test

Mode of infection- contaminated food and water

Symptoms- fever, chills, cough, alveoli gets filled with fluid, respiratory problems

Mode of infection- through cough and sneeze of an infected person or things

Symptoms- nasal congestion, cough, headache, etc.

P. falciparum – malignant malaria

Mode of infection- insect bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito (vector)

Symptoms- high fever, chills, etc.

Injected to human by mosquito bite, reaches liver of the host then to RBCs in the blood, reproduces asexually

Causes chills and relapsing high fever

Female Anopheles takes up gametocytes with the sucked blood

Fertilisation takes place in the mosquito gut

Mode of infection- contaminated food and water by faeces of an infected person

Carrier- Houseflies

Symptoms- constipation, abdominal pain, excess mucus and blood in the stool

Mode of infection- contaminated fruits, vegetables and water by faeces of an infected person

Symptoms- muscular pain, fever, internal bleeding, anaemia, blockage of the intestine

Mode of infection- transmitted by mosquito bite

Symptoms- inflammation in the lymphatic vessels of lower limb

Mode of infection- soil or by using a contaminated towel, comb, etc.

Symptoms- dry and scaly lesions on the skin, nails, scalp, etc.

It feeds on insect larvae

Used to control and eliminate vectors of many diseases

Non-specific defence

Skin, mucus, saliva, WBCs, cytokine, etc.

WBCs or leukocytes, macrophages

E.g. Neutrophils, monocytes, Natural killer cells

E.g. Interferons, Interleukins, tumour necrosis factor, etc.

Primary response- when exposed to a pathogen for the first time, low intensity

Secondary response- on re-exposure of the same antigen, anamnestic response, highly intensified response

Contains 4 peptide chains; 2 light and 2 heavy (H₂L₂)

E.g. IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA, IgD

Antibody-mediated

B-lymphocytes produce antigen-specific antibodies in the circulatory system

T-lymphocytes mediated

CMI is responsible for graft rejection

Antibodies are produced specifically to the antigen

During immunisation or vaccination, attenuated microbes are injected to induce active immunity

Colostrum- the first milk of mother, contains IgA- provides protection to infants

IgG antibodies can cross the placenta and provide passive immunity to the growing foetus

IgE mediated response

Mast cell secretes histamine, serotonin

E.g. Rheumatoid arthritis

Bone marrow- B-lymphocytes

Thymus- T-lymphocytes

E.g. spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes, Peyer’s patches in the small intestine, appendix

Accounts for 50 percent of lymphoid tissues

Caused by HIV virus, a retrovirus

Transmitted through body fluids, sexually, using infected needles and can cross placenta too

Test- ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)

In T_H cells- replicate and attacks other T-lymphocytes, decreasing the number of T-lymphocytes

Benign- remain confined to the original location

Malignant- neoplastic cells, invade surrounding tissues

Obtained from the latex of Papaver somniferum

It is a depressant and analgesic, produces euphoria

E.g. Marijuana, hashish, etc.

Obtained from Erythroxylum coca

Interferes with dopamine transport

Atropa belladonna and Datura also show hallucinogenic properties

Stimulates the release of adrenaline and nor-adrenaline from adrenal glands

Increases blood pressure and heart rate