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Hyperbola

Hyperbola is defined as an open curve having two branches which are mirror images of each other. It is two curves that are like infinite bows. Here, we will study the hyperbola equation, foci, eccentricity, directrix, latus rectum and characteristics of such curves.

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What Is Hyperbola?

A hyperbola is a locus of points in such a way that the distance to each focus is a constant greater than one. In other words, the locus of a point moving in a plane in such a way that the ratio of its distance from a fixed point (focus) to that from a fixed line (directrix) is a constant greater than 1.

Focus of a Hyperbola

[Note: The point (focus) does not lie on the line (directrix)]

(PS/PM) = e > 1 (eccentricity)

Hyperbola

 

Standard Equation of Hyperbola

The equation of the hyperbola is simplest when the centre of the hyperbola is at the origin, and the foci are either on the x-axis or on the y-axis.Β  The standard equation of a hyperbola is given as follows:

[(x2 / a2) – (y2 / b2)] = 1

where , b2 = a2 (e2  – 1)

Important Terms and Formulas of Hyperbola

There are certain terms related to a hyperbola which need to be thoroughly understood to be able to get confident with this concept. Some of the most important terms related to hyperbola are:

  • Eccentricity (e):Β e2 = 1 + (b2 / a2) = 1 + [(conjugate axis)2 / (transverse axis)2]
  • Focii: S = (ae, 0) & Sβ€² = (βˆ’ae, 0)
  • Directrix: x=(a/e), x = (βˆ’a / e)
  • Transverse axis:

The live segment A’A of length 2a in which the foci S’ and S both lie is called the transverse axis of the hyperbola.

  • Conjugate axis:

The line segment B’B of length 2b between the 2 points B’ = (0, -b) & B = (0, b) is called the conjugate axis of the hyperbola.

  • Principal axes:

The transverse axis and conjugate axis.

  • Vertices:

A = (a, 0) & A’ = (-a, 0)

  • Focal chord:

A chord which passes through a focus is called a focal chord.

  • Double ordinate:

The chord perpendicular to the transverse axis is called a double ordinate.

  • Latus rectum:

The focal chord βŠ₯r to the transverse axis is called the latus rectum.

Its length = (2b2 / a) = [(conjugate)2 / transverse] = 2a (e2 βˆ’ 1)

The difference in focal distances is a constant

i.e., |PSβˆ’PSβ€²| = 2a

Length of latus rectum = 2 e Γ— (distance of focus from the corresponding directrix)

End points of L.R: (Β± ae, Β± b2 / a)

Centre:

The point which bisects every chord of the conic, drawn through it, is called the centre of the conic.

C: (0, 0) is the centre of [(x2 / a2) – (y2 / b2)] = 1

Note:

You will notice that the results for an ellipse are also applicable for a hyperbola. You need to replaceΒ b2 by (βˆ’b2)

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Practice Problems on Hyperbola

Example 1:

Find the equation of the hyperbola whose directrix is 2x + y = 1, focus (1, 2) and eccentricity √3.

Solution:

Let P(x, y) be any point on the hyperbola.

Draw PM perpendicular from P on the directrix,

Then, by definition SP = ePM.

β‡’ (SP)2 = e2 (PM)2

Hyperbola Question

 

β‡’ (x βˆ’ 1)2 + (y βˆ’ 2)2 = 3{(2x + y – 1) / √(4+1)}2

β‡’ 5 (x2 + y2 βˆ’ 2x βˆ’ 4y + 5)

= 3 (4x2 + y2 + 1 + 4xy βˆ’ 2y βˆ’ 4x)

β‡’ 7x2 βˆ’ 2y2 + 12xy βˆ’ 2x + 14y – 22 = 0

Which is the required hyperbola.

Example 2:

Find the eccentricity of the hyperbola whose latus rectum is half of its transverse axis.

Solution:

Let the equation of hyperbola be [(x2 / a2) – (y2 / b2)] = 1

Then transverse axis = 2a and latus – rectum = (2b2 / a)

According to question (2b2 / a) = (1/2) Γ— 2a

β‡’ 2b2 = a2 (Since, b2 = a2 (e2 βˆ’ 1))

β‡’ 2a2 (e2 βˆ’ 1) = a2

β‡’ 2e2 – 2 = 1

β‡’ e2 = (3 / 2)

∴ e = √(3/2)

Hence, the required eccentricity is √(3/2)

What Is Conjugate Hyperbola?

2 hyperbolas such that the transverse and conjugate axes of one hyperbola are respectively the conjugate and transverse axis of the other are called conjugate hyperbola of each other.

(x2 / a2) – (y2Β /b2) = 1 & (βˆ’x2 / a2) + (y2 / b2) = 1 are conjugate hyperbolas of each other.

(y2 / b2) – (x2 / a2) = 1

a2 = b2 (e2 βˆ’ 1)

Vertices:Β Vertices: (0,Β±b) and L.R. = (2a2 / b)

Conjugate Hyperbola

 

Some Important Conclusions onΒ Conjugate Hyperbola

(a) If e1 and e2 are eccentricities of the hyperbola and its conjugate, then

(1 / e12) + (1 / e22) = 1

(b) The foci of a hyperbola and its conjugate are concyclic and form the vertices of a square.

(c) 2 hyperbolas are similar if they have the same eccentricities.

(d) 2 similar hyperbolas are equal if they have the same latus rectum.

Example 3:

Find the lengths of the transverse axis and conjugate axis, eccentricity, the co-ordinates of foci, vertices, length of the latus-rectum and equations of the directrices of the hyperbola, 16x2 βˆ’ 9y2 = βˆ’144.

Solution:

The equation 16x2 βˆ’ 9y2 = βˆ’144 can be written as (x2 / 9) – (y2 / 16) = βˆ’1

This is of the form (x2 / a2) – (y2 / b2) = βˆ’1

∴ a2 = 9, b2 = 16

β‡’ a=3, b=4

Length of transverse axis: The length of transverse axis = 2b = 8

Length of conjugate axis: The length of conjugate axis = 2a = 6

Eccentricity:

Foci: The co-ordinates of the foci are (0, Β± be), i.e., (0, Β± 5)

Vertices: The co-ordinates of the vertices are (0, Β± b), i.e., (0, Β± 4)

Lengths of latus-rectum: The length of latus-rectum = (2a2 / b) = [2(3)2] / 4 = 9/2

Equation of directrices: The equation of directrices are

y = Β± (b/e) β‡’y = Β± [4 / (5/4)] β‡’ y Β± (16 / 5)

Auxiliary Circles of the Hyperbola

A circle is drawn with centre C and transverse axis as the diameter is called the auxiliary circle of the hyperbola.Β The auxiliary circle of the hyperbola equation is given as:

The equation of the auxiliary circle is x2 + y2 = a2,

Note from the following figure that P and Q are called the β€œcorresponding points” of the hyperbola and the auxiliary circle.

Auxiliary Circles of the Hyperbola

Parametric Representation:

x = a sec ΞΈ and y = b tan ΞΈ

i.e., if (a sec ΞΈ, b tan ΞΈ) is on the hyperbola, then Q: (a cos ΞΈ, a sin ΞΈ) lies on the auxiliary circle. The equation of chord joining 2 points P (Ξ±) and Q (f) is given by:

The position of a point P

S1 = x12/a2 + y2/b2 = 1 is positive, zero or negative accordingly as (x1, y1) lies inside, on or outside is positive, and zero or negative accordingly as (x1, y1) lies inside, on or outside.

Example 4: Find the position of the point (5, -4) relative to the hyperbola 9x2 – y2 = 1.

Solution:

Since 9(5)2 – (-4)2 – 1 = 225 – 16 – 1 = 208 > 0,

So, the point (5, -4) lies inside the hyperbola 9x2 – y2 = 1.

Rectangular Hyperbola

A rectangular hyperbola for which hyperbola axes (or asymptotes) are perpendicular or with an eccentricity is √2. Hyperbola with conjugate axis = transverse axis is a = b, which is an example of a rectangular hyperbola.

x2/a2 – y2/b2

β‡’ x2/a2 – y2/a2 = 1

Or, x2 – y2 = a2

Rectangular Hyperbola

 

The eccentricity of a rectangular hyperbola

Also, xy = c

e.g. xy = 1, y = 1/x

Tangent of Rectangular Hyperbola

The tangent of a rectangular hyperbola is a line that touches a point on the rectangular hyperbola’s curve. The equation and slope form of a rectangular hyperbola’s tangent is given as:

Equation of tangent

The y = mx + c write hyperbola x2/a2 – y2/b2 = 1 will be tangent if c2 = a2/m2 – b2.

Slope form of tangent

y = mx Β± √(a2m2 – b2)

Secant

Secant will cut ellipse at 2 distinct points

β‡’ c2 > a2 m2 – b2

Neither secant nor tangent

For the line to be neither secant nor tangent, a quadratic equation will give an imaginary solution.

β‡’ c2Β < a2Β m2 – b2

Equation of tangent to hyperbola x2 /a2 – y2/b2 = 1 at point (x1 ,y1) is

(xx1)/a2 = (yy1)/b1 = 1

Parametric form of tangent:

(x secΞΈ) /a βˆ’ (y tanΞΈ)/b = 1

Point of contact and examples on tangent

Compare:

y = mx + c

(xx1)/a2 – (yy1)/b2 = 1 – mx + y = c

x1 = (-a2c)/m;

y1 = -b2/c

(x1,y1) = [(-a2m)/c, -b2/c]

Solved Examples on Hyperbola

Example 5: Find the equation of a tangent to hyperbola x2/9βˆ’y2=1 whose slope is 5.

Solution:

Slope of tangent m = 5, a2 = 9, b2 = 1

The equation of tangent in slope form is

y = mx Β± √(a2m2 – b2 )

y = 5x Β± √(9.52 – 1)

y = 5x ± 4√14

[Note: For ellipse, director circle is x2 + y2 = a2 + b2, x2/a2 + y2/b2 = 1]

Normal:

Equation of normal of x2/a2 – y2/b2 = 1 at (x1 ,y1)

a2x/x1 + b2y/y1 = a2 + b2

Example 6: Find normal at the point (6, 3) to hyperbola x2/18 βˆ’ y2/9 = 1.

Solution:

Equation of normal at point (x1, y1) is a2 = 18, b2 = 9

a2x/x1 + b2y/y1 = a2 + b2

The equation of normal at point (6, 3) is

18x/6 + 9y/3 = 18 + 9

x + y = 9

Example 7: Find the equation of the chord of contact of point (2, 3) to hyperbola x2/16 βˆ’ y2/9 = 1.

Solution:

The equation of the chord of contact is T = 0

i.e. (xx1)/a2Β – (yy1)/b2 – 1 = 0

Or, 2x/16 – 3y/9Β = 1

Or, x/8Β – y/3Β = 1

Equation of chord when mid-point is given

T = (xx1)/a2Β – (yy1)/b2Β – 1 = x12/a2 – y12/b2Β βˆ’ 1.

Example 9:Β Find the equation of chord of hyperbola x2/9 – y2/4 = 1 whose midpoint is (5, 1).

Solution:

We know that equation of the chord of the hyperbola whose midpoints is (x1, y1)

T = (xx1)/a2 – (yy1)/b2 – 1 = x12/a2 – y12/b2 βˆ’ 1

Given, the midpoint is (5, 1).

=>5x/9 – y/4 – 1= 25/9 – ΒΌ – 1

=>5x/9 – y/4 = 91/36

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Frequently Asked Questions

Q1

What is a hyperbola?

A hyperbola is the locus of a point moving in a plane such that the ratio of its distance from a fixed point to that from a fixed line is a constant greater than 1.

Q2

What is the eccentricity of a hyperbola?

The eccentricity of a hyperbola is greater than 1.

Q3

What is the formula for the eccentricity of a hyperbola?

The eccentricity is given by e = √(1 + (b2/a2)).

Q4

Give the standard equation of the hyperbola.

The standard equation of a hyperbola is (x2/a2) – (y2/b2) = 1.

Q5

What do you mean by the transverse axis of a hyperbola?

The line passing through the centre and the two foci of the hyperbola is called the transverse axis of a hyperbola. For the hyperbola (x2/a2) – (y2/b2) = 1, the transverse axis is along x axis. The length is given by 2a.

Q6

What do you mean by asymptotes of the hyperbola?

The lines that are parallel to the hyperbola and are assumed to intersect the hyperbola at infinity are called the asymptotes of a hyperbola.

Q7

What do you mean by the foci of a hyperbola?

A hyperbola has 2 foci. Two points on the axis of the hyperbola that are at an equal distance from the centre of the hyperbola are called the foci of the hyperbola. For the hyperbola (x2/a2) – (y2/b2) = 1, the foci are given by (ae, 0) and (-ae, 0).

Q8

What do you mean by the conjugate axis of a hyperbola?

The conjugate axis of a hyperbola is the line passing through the centre of the hyperbola and perpendicular to the transverse axis.

Test your knowledge on Hyperbola

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