CNA 09 June 2022:- Download PDF Here
TABLE OF CONTENTS
A. GS 1 Related B. GS 2 Related INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 1. The Ukraine war and the global food crisis POLITY AND GOVERNANCE 1. The future of Indian secularism C. GS 3 Related D. GS 4 Related E. Editorials INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 1. Vicious domestic politics, foreign policy shocks POLITY AND GOVERNANCE 1. It is a bumping-off of the rule of law too 2. The future of a Uniform Civil Code F. Prelims Facts 1. ‘18,000 Pandits visit Kheer Bhawani temple’ 2. Severodonetsk now mostly under Russians: Governor 3. ‘Govt. scheme helped poor live with dignity’ G. Tidbits 1. RBI raises rates to tame inflation 2. India and Vietnam sign mutual logistics agreement H. UPSC Prelims Practice Questions I. UPSC Mains Practice Questions
A. GS 1 Related
Nothing here for today!!!
B. GS 2 Related
Category: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
1. The Ukraine war and the global food crisis
Syllabus: Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests, Indian diaspora.
Mains: Global Food crisis; Importance of Russia and Ukraine for global food security
Context:
Global food prices are on the rise due to the Russia-Ukraine crisis. Russia and Ukraine together account for more than a quarter of the world’s wheat supplies.
Global Food crisis:
- Many countries were facing growing food insecurity even before Russia’s war.
- Climate shocks, conflicts and the COVID-19 pandemic had disrupted supply chains, pumping up prices of both commodities and crops. The war in Ukraine has aggravated this situation.
- Global food, fuel and fertilizer prices are projected to be sharply higher and will remain elevated into 2024, as per the World Bank estimates.
- Almost all economies in the world have been hit by higher food prices. Across the western world, there’s a cost-of-living crisis with food and energy prices rocketing.
- Almost 90% of emerging markets and developing economies experienced food price inflation greater than 5% this year. Low-income countries that are reliant on imports for basic food consumption, are the hardest hit.
- According to the UN World Food Programme (WFP), Ethiopia, Nigeria, South Sudan and Yemen remain at ‘highest alert’ as hotspots with “catastrophic conditions”, as Afghanistan and Somalia are added to this category.
Causes of the Food Crisis:
- Reduced Exports from Ukraine:
- Exports have collapsed since the invasion as the Russian war effort is entirely focused on Ukraine’s eastern and southern parts along the Black Sea/Sea of Azov coast.
- Ukrainians cannot dock commercial ships at Mykolaiv and Odessa ports because of two reasons —
- Ukraine has mined the waters around these ports as a deterrent against potential Russian attacks.
- Russia has enforced a naval blockade in the waters of the Black Sea.
- These factors have in effect brought exports from Ukraine to a grinding halt.
- Western sanctions on Russia:
- Besides the blockade, the western sanctions on Russia are also contributing to the crisis.
- Russia, besides being the world’s top wheat exporter, is also a leading exporter of fertilizer, an essential commodity for food production.
- Russia’s food and fertilizer sectors were not directly targeted by western sanctions, but the sanctions on its financial sector, which made payments difficult for Russia, has complicated its exports, including food grains.
- Also, the targeted sanctions on Russian oligarchs have choked finances for the agricultural industry.
Importance of Russia and Ukraine for global food security:
- Russia and Ukraine together account for more than a quarter of the world’s wheat supplies.
- Russia’s share in the global exports of wheat, the world’s most widely grown crop, is some 20%, while Ukraine accounts for 8%.
- About 50 countries depend on Russia and Ukraine for more than 30% of their wheat imports, according to the FAO.
- Azerbaijan and Georgia source more than 80% of their imported wheat from Russia and Ukraine.
- Turkey, Egypt, Bangladesh and Lebanon meet over 60% of their imports from these two countries.
- Ukraine is the world’s eighth largest producer and fourth largest exporter of corn, accounting for 16% of global exports. Furthermore, Ukraine produces up to 46% of sunflower-seed and safflower oil. It is the world’s largest exporter of sunflower oil.
- So, the war and the sanctions have clearly hit the world’s bread basket region, adding pressure on food prices.
Conclusion:
- Russia has suggested that it would resume exports from the ports on the Sea of Azov and that it would open a corridor for commercial vessels in the Black Sea if Ukraine demines the ports it controls.
- But these proposals could be implemented only if Russia gets sanctions relief in return for opening the maritime corridor.
- One option for Ukraine is to transfer the grains overland to the Baltic states, either through Poland or Belarus, and then ship them out from the Baltic Sea ports.
- The U.S. State Department stays staunchly opposed to giving any concession to Belarus in return for help for moving food grains.
- Moving them overland via Poland is challenging because the rail track gauge in Poland is smaller than that of former Soviet countries such as Ukraine and the Baltic states.
- So, the only practical solution to take Ukrainian grains to the global markets is to open the Black Sea routes.
- And to ease the pressure on global food items, Russia will also have to step up exports of both grains and fertilizers.
As the war in Ukraine’s east rages on, with no political solution in sight, sending global food prices skyrocketing and threatening to starve millions, the talks that the United Nations and Turkey have begun with Russian leaders to facilitate grain and fertilizer exports from Russia and Ukraine need to be successful.
Category: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE
1. The future of Indian secularism
Syllabus: Constitution of India — significant provisions and basic structure.
Prelims: Constitutional secularism, Party-political secularism
Mains: Constitutional secularism and Party-political secularism
Context:
With various West Asian nations condemning comments on Prophet Muhammed and Islam made by spokespersons of a political party, the discourse on secularism and religious tolerance has once again become prominent. In this article, the author is optimistic that constitutional secularism can be revived and brought back as the backbone of Indian democracy.
Constitutional secularism:
- Constitutional secularism is marked by two features. First, critical respect for all religions. The second feature is that the Indian state should abandon strict separation but keep a principled distance from all religions.
- Respect and critique
- Given the virtual impossibility of distinguishing the religious from the social, every aspect of religious doctrine or practice cannot be respected.
- Respect for religion must be accompanied by critique.
- It follows that our state must respectfully leave religion alone but also intervene whenever religious groups promote communal disharmony and discrimination on grounds of religion.
- Thus, the state has to constantly decide when to engage or disengage depending entirely on which of these enhances our constitutional commitment to freedom, equality and fraternity.
- This constitutional secularism cannot be sustained by governments alone but requires collective commitment from an impartial judiciary, a scrupulous media, civil society activists, and an alert citizenry.
Party-political secularism:
- Party-political secularism is a nefarious doctrine practiced by all political parties, including by so-called ‘secular forces’. This secularism has dispelled all values from the core idea and replaced them with opportunism. It upholds opportunistic alliance with religious communities, particularly for the sake of immediate electoral benefit.
- Advent of opportunism
- Opportunistic distance (engagement or disengagement), particularly for the sake of immediate electoral benefit, is an unspoken slogan of party-political secularism.
- Opportunistic distance has interpreted ‘respect’ to mean cutting deals with aggressive or orthodox sections of religious groups — unlocking the Babri Masjid/Ram temple for puja, and forsaking women’s rights in the Shah Bano case.
- This party-political ‘secular’ state, cozying up alternately to the fanatical fringe of the minority and the majority, was ready for takeover by a majoritarian party. This is untrammeled majoritarianism masquerading as secularism, one that opposes ‘pseudo-secularism’ without examining its own equally unethical practices.
Know more about positive secularism in India.
Crucial moves to kick-start the discourse and practice of secularism:
- According to the author, deeper introspection creates conditions to root out intra-religious injustices, and make its members free and equal.
- The Indian project of secularism has been thwarted as much by party-politics as by religious orthodoxy and dogma.
- A collective push from young men and women untainted by the politics and ideological straitjacketing of the recent past may help strengthen the social struggle of emancipation from intra-religious injustices.
- The author suggests solutions to kick-start the discourse and practice of secularism:
- First, a shift of focus from a politically-led project to a socially-driven movement for justice.
- Second, a shift of emphasis from inter-religious to intra-religious issues.
Europe’s example
The fight against the oppression of the church was as much a popular struggle as it was driven by the state. Europe’s secularism provided a principle to fight intra-religious oppression. For the moment, the state-driven political project of secularism and its legal constitutional form appear to have taken a hit. But precisely this ‘setback’ can be turned into an opportunity to revitalize the social project of secularism.
The state-driven political project of secularism and its legal constitutional form appear to have taken a hit. But this ‘setback’ can be turned into an opportunity to revitalize the social project of secularism. A peaceful and democratic secularism is required to reform our own respective religions, to enable their compatibility with constitutional values of equality, liberty and justice.
C. GS 3 Related
Nothing here for today!!!
D. GS 4 Related
Nothing here for today!!!
E. Editorials
Category: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
1. Vicious domestic politics, foreign policy shocks
Syllabus: GS2, Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests, Indian diaspora.
Mains: Indian Domestic politics and its foreign policy implications
Background:
- Over the past years, it has become clear that India’s domestic issues are increasingly threatening to impact India’s foreign policy.
- Issues such as the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) and India’s actions in Kashmir are beginning to affect India’s relations with its neighbours, major Islamic countries such as Iran and Indonesia, and strategic partners such as the United States.
- Recently, the Indian government has been facing backlash from Gulf and other countries over the remarks made by its spokesperson on a particular religion.
- The UAE, Oman, Indonesia, Iraq, the Maldives, Jordan, Libya and Bahrain have joined the growing list of countries in the Islamic world that have condemned the remarks.
- Earlier, Kuwait, Iran and Qatar had called Indian ambassadors to register their protest, and Saudi Arabia had issued a strongly-worded statement.
- The unprecedented diplomatic backlash against India was seen over some remarks made by the spokesperson of a political party against a particular religion.
- The backlash has put the Indian Government on the back foot in terms of foreign policy, and the country is now struggling to contain the diplomatic fallout.
Domestic Extremism in India:
- Historically, India has had its run-ins and experiences with extremism. Dealing with Pakistan-sponsored terrorism and the deadly fallout of initially supporting the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, have taught India that hobnobbing with extremism is counterproductive.
- Despite this, there is an increasing number of ‘fringe’ but extremist groups in India today. The reason why the international community has been tolerant of such home-grown extremist elements in India is that they are domestically focused and contained therein.
What are the Concerns for India?
- Growing Criticism: There is growing criticism of India’s domestic policies at the heart of the conduct of India’s foreign policy in the recent past. India has been criticized for shrinking democratic space and rising religious intolerance in the country.
- Vulnerability to External Criticism: India is a champion of many global platforms rooted in democratic values – Quad (India, the United States, Japan and Australia) is an example; Summit of democracies is another. This makes India’s domestic policies more vulnerable to external criticism.
- Current crisis will shrink India’s ability to manage external criticism: India has consistently dismissed criticism from the U.S. and the West about India’s internal issues using its right to stand up to western hypocrisy and their imperial urges. However, India’s ability to manage its international normative identity while at the same time dismissing criticism against its own domestic failings will shrink due to the current crisis.
- India’s different responses to the criticism: There is also a noticeable difference between how India has reacted to the criticism from the U.S./West and how it has chosen to react to the criticism in West Asia.
Domestic politics and its foreign policy implications:
- The material consequences of defying the West/U.S. are far less than those of aggressively or defiantly pushing back the criticism from the Islamic countries.
- India needs the region for remittances, energy, and more importantly, for the well-being of its millions of migrant labourers there. For sure, India also needs the U.S./West for similar and other reasons.
- However, given that the U.S. and the West are more advanced democracies, they are highly unlikely to impose any arbitrary material costs on India or Indian citizens living in those countries.
- If India definitely pushes back using the same language it uses against the West/U.S., it could prompt them to impose material costs on India.
- Experts said the controversy could overshadow some of India’s recent diplomatic successes with the UAE and other nations.
- Arab nations are also looking to take concrete action to soothe anger among their own people. Hashtags criticizing India have been trending in these countries and the incident has been the top story in their media outlets.
- Analysts add that the international fallout over the controversy should be a wake-up call for India and it should learn that divisive politics can have international ramifications.
Significance of Gulf Countries for India
- India’s trade with the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), which includes Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Oman and the UAE, stood at $87 billion in 2020-21.
- Millions of Indians live and work in these countries and send millions of dollars in remittances back home.
- The region is also the top source of India’s energy imports.
- The Prime Minister of India famously attended the ground-breaking ceremony of the first Hindu temple in Abu Dhabi in 2018 – it was termed as an example of the growing ties between India and the region. Against this backdrop, the UAE’s decision to join the chorus against India is quite significant.
The recent incident has highlighted the undeniable danger of unconstrained domestic extremism harming India’s foreign policy objectives. Bilateral relationships carefully built over decades by professional diplomats should not be undermined by communal politics and electoral calculations.
Category: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE
1. It is a bumping-off of the rule of law too
Syllabus: GS2: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.
Mains: Increasing Police encounter killings in India and concerns associated with it.
Background:
- A report submitted by the commission of inquiry headed by a former Supreme Court of India judge indicates the police’s role in the Hyderabad fake encounter case, in 2019.
- The report should serve as an eye-opener to senior police officials who bypass the law and due processes and eliminate suspects with impunity.
Police encounter killings in India
- As per the National Human Rights Commission’s (NHRC) annual report for 2018-19, there were 164 deaths due to police encounters during that period.
- As per the report, the highest number of police encounter deaths were reported in Uttar Pradesh (23), followed by Assam (23), and Maharashtra (11).
- Moreover, the NHRC has recommended disciplinary action against police personnel in only 25 cases of human rights violation (including encounter deaths) and no prosecutions of any personnel.
- Similarly, in 2020, only three cases were registered against police personnel for encounter killings, according to the annual National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) report.
- The report also highlights the gaping difference between the number of cases registered against policemen and the consequent number of those convicted.
Recent encounters & court judgements
- Vikas Dubey encounter: In 2020, Uttar Pradesh police and gangster Vikas Dubey were involved in a firing incident as the team approached to arrest him. The gangster was gunned down as he allegedly attempted to flee. After Dubey’s family moved the Supreme Court over the encounter, a 3-member judicial commission headed by Justice B.S. Chauhan was tasked to probe the encounter. In 2021, the Commission gave a clean chit to the police, stating that no evidence has been found against the police force. Moreover, no eyewitness appeared in the case to negate the U.P. Police’s version of events in Dubey’s encounter.
- Disha gang-rape & encounter: A 27-year-old veterinarian doctor was gang-raped by four men in 2019. A 10-member police team had accompanied the accused to recreate the crime scene in the early morning on that day. The four accused were gunned down in a police encounter. Police claimed that two of the accused snatched their weapons and opened fire at the police but were gunned down in counter fire. Later, the Supreme Court constituted a three-member panel headed by Justice V.S. Sirpurkar to probe the encounter. In 2022, the panel dismissed Telangana police’s claims and recommended charging all 10 police personnel with the murder of the four accused in the ‘fake encounter’.
| In 2011, a Bench of the Supreme Court comprising Justices Markandey Katju and C.K. Prasad said: “Fake encounter killings by cops are nothing but cold-blooded brutal murder which should be treated as the rarest of rare offence and police personnel responsible for it should be awarded death sentence. They should be hanged.” |
Concerns about extra-judicial killings
- Against Rule of Law:
- Extra-judicial killings go against the very spirit of rule of law.
- The very same veterans of the Indian Police Service who confabulate on fake encounters and custodial deaths are also the ones who while serving in the police setup acquiesced to public outcry or political diktats.
- If personnel from the ranks are incarcerated for fake encounters, so should senior officers; it is their responsibility to ensure that the rule of law is strictly followed in their jurisdiction.
- Brunt faced by low-rank officers:
- When commissions are set up to inquire into fake encounters, it is usually low-ranking officers, from constables to inspectors, who have to face the brunt.
- Senior police officers who may have given their consent to eliminate the criminals are allowed to go scot-free and are rarely indicted.
- On magisterial inquiries
- Magisterial inquiries conducted by local magistrates turn out to be a farce as they have to work in consonance with the police of the district; they would be inclined to go with the police version and give them a clean chit.
Recommendations:
- Complaints of fake encounters need to be attended to on top priority and the judiciary activated immediately after a complaint is received.
- A solution would be to nominate magistrates from other States who would be impartial and fair in their inquiries.
- Commissions of inquiry should comprise police officers from other States who enjoy a reputation of moral rectitude and fair play.
- Police gallantry medals or citations should be withdrawn as fake encounters do not in any way give an opportunity to display an act of courage.
Killing unarmed and helpless suspects who may not decidedly be criminals is an act of cowardice. If States begin to adopt extra-judicial strategies to bring down the crime rate, the protective cover of rule of law will be torn into pieces.
2. Vicious domestic politics, foreign policy shocks
Syllabus: GS2, Directive Principles of State Policy
Prelims: Uniform Civil Code (UCC)
Mains: State’s Right to enact Uniform Civil Code
Context:
Uttarakhand Chief Minister set up a committee to prepare a draft Uniform Civil Code (UCC) for the State.
Read more: Critical analysis of Uttarakhand Chief Minister’s push for uniform code stirs debate
F. Prelims Facts
1. ‘18,000 Pandits visit Kheer Bhawani temple’
Syllabus: GS1: Art and Culture Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Architecture from ancient to modern times.
Prelims: Kheer Bhawani Temple
Context: The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) said that the Kheer Bhawani congregation has become a symbol of communal harmony and brotherhood in Kashmir.
Kheer Bhawani Temple:
- The Kheer Bhawani temple is located in Kashmir Valley’s Ganderbal district.
- It is dedicated to the Hindu goddess Kheer Bhavani constructed over a sacred spring.
- Goddess Ragnya Devi – an incarnation of Goddess Durga – is the presiding deity of this temple.
- Maharaja Pratap Singh built this temple in 1912, which was later renovated by Maharaja Hari Singh.
2. Severodonetsk now mostly under Russians: Governor
Syllabus: GS2: International Relations: Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests, Indian diaspora.
Prelims: Severodonetsk
Context: The key eastern Ukraine city of Severodonetsk is now “largely” under Russian control after fierce fighting.
Severodonetsk:
- Sievierodonetsk is a city in the Luhansk Oblast of Ukraine.
- It is located to the northeast of the left bank of the Siverskyi Donets river and approximately 110 km to the northwest from the Oblast capital, Luhansk.
3. ‘Govt. scheme helped poor live with dignity’
Syllabus: GS2: Polity and Governance: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.
Prelims: Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana (PMGKY)
Context: According to the latest study, the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana (PMGKY) has reduced the probability of people consuming less food by 76% and cutting down on the usage of utilities by 75%.
Recent Study on PMGKY:
- A KPMG study done with German institution Kfw confirmed that the PMGKY, announced in 2020 amid the COVID-19 pandemic, has yielded good results.
- The study showed that assistance under the PMGKY reduced the probability of borrowing money for 67% of all the respondents.
Know more about Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana (PMGKY).
G. Tidbits
1. RBI raises rates to tame inflation
- The Reserve Bank of India’s Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) voted unanimously to raise the repo rate by 50 basis points to 4.90% in a bid to slow inflation.
- The RBI’s move will increase borrowing costs across the board, from those seeking loans to buy cars and homes, to MSME firms looking to raise capital.
- The MPC also decided to remain focused on the withdrawal of accommodation which had been provided to support the COVID-19 hit economy, to ensure that inflation remains within the target going forward, while supporting growth.
2. India and Vietnam sign mutual logistics agreement
- Recently, India and Vietnam signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on mutual logistics.
- The Defence Ministers of India and Vietnam signed the ‘Joint Vision Statement on India-Vietnam Defence Partnership towards 2030’.
- It will significantly enhance the scope and scale of existing defence cooperation.
- India and Vietnam have shared a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership since 2016 and defence cooperation is a key pillar of this partnership.
- Vietnam is an important partner in India’s Act East policy.
H. UPSC Prelims Practice Questions
Q1. Consider the following statements with respect to Chief Secretary: (Level: Medium)
- The office of the Chief Secretary had its origin in the Central Government during the British rule and was created in 1799 by Lord Wellesley.
- He/she is chosen by the Governor from among the senior IAS officers of the State Cadre.
- The powers and functions of the Chief Secretary are mentioned in the ‘Rules of Business’ framed by the Central government.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 2 only
- 1 and 3 only
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: a
Explanation:
- The position of Chief Secretary is the most senior position in the civil services of India’s states and union territories. The office originated in the Central government during the rule of Lord Wellesley in 1799. Hence Statement 1 is correct.
- The Chief Minister appoints the Chief Secretary. Hence Statement 2 is incorrect.
- Members of these services are recruited by the Centre, but their services are placed under various State cadres, and they are liable to serve under both the State and the Centre. This aspect of the All India Services strengthens the Indian federation’s unitary character. Hence Statement 3 is incorrect.
Q2. Which of the following statements with respect to Sugarcane is/are correct? (Level: Medium)
- Sugarcane originated in New Guinea.
- Sugar recovery is highest when the weather is dry with low humidity; bright sunshine hours, cooler nights with wide diurnal variations and very little rainfall during the ripening period.
- Maharashtra is the largest cultivator of sugarcane in India.
Options:
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: a
Explanation:
- Sugarcane originated in Melanesia, most probably in New Guinea, from the wild species Saccharum robustum. Hence Statement 1 is correct.
- Sugar recovery is highest when the weather is dry with low humidity; bright sunshine hours, cooler nights with wide diurnal variations and very little rainfall during the ripening period. Hence Statement 2 is correct.
- Uttar Pradesh is the largest cultivator of sugarcane in India. Hence Statement 3 is incorrect.
Q3. With respect to Anti-Defection law, which of the following statements is/are correct? (Level: Difficult)
- The Presiding Officer can take up a defection case suo moto.
- According to Anti Defection law a petition seeking disqualification has to be decided by the Presiding Officer within three months
Options:
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both
- None
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: d
Explanation:
- The decision on disqualification questions on the ground of defection is referred to the Speaker or the Chairman of the House, and his/her decision is final. Thus, the defection case is not taken suo moto. Hence statement 1 is incorrect.
- There is no time limit as per the law within which the Presiding Officers should decide on a plea for disqualification. The courts also can intervene only after the officer has made a decision, and so the only option for the petitioner is to wait until the decision is made. Hence statement 2 is incorrect.
Q4. Which amongst the following crops are the Kharif crops? (Level: Medium)
- Rice
- Cotton
- Bajra
- Mustard
- Tur
Options:
- 1, 2, 3 and 5 only
- 1, 3 and 5 only
- 2, 4 and 5 only
- 1, 2, 3 and 4 only
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: a
Explanation:
- Kharif crops or monsoon crops are domesticated plants cultivated and harvested during the rainy (monsoon) season in South Asia, which lasts between April and October depending on the area.
Hence option A is correct.
Q5. With reference to recent developments regarding ‘Recombinant Vector Vaccines’, consider the following statements: (Level: Medium) (UPSC 2021)
- Genetic engineering is applied in the development of these vaccines.
- Bacteria and viruses are used as vectors.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: c
Explanation:
- Recombinant Vector Vaccines are genetically modified and use genetic engineering to mimic the virus for which the vaccine is being produced. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
- Recombinant vector vaccines are live replicating viruses that have been engineered to carry extra genes derived from a pathogen, and these extra genes produce proteins that we want to generate immunity against. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
- These vaccine genomes may evolve to lose the extra genes during the vaccine manufacturing process or during replication within an individual, and this evolution may severely limit the vaccine’s efficacy.
I. UPSC Mains Practice Questions
- Vicious domestic politics have foreign policy implications. Do you agree? Justify. (150 words, 10 marks) [GS-2, IR]
- Encounter killings by the police are disturbingly on the rise. Suggest measures to prevent police excesses to fix toxic policing. (250 words, 15 marks) [GS-2, Polity & Governance]
Read the previous CNA here.
CNA 09 June 2022:- Download PDF Here
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