CNA 10 March 2023:- Download PDF Here
TABLE OF CONTENTS
A. GS 1 Related B. GS 2 Related GOVERNANCE 1. Centre to reconsider ‘safe harbour’ clause in IT law C. GS 3 Related ECONOMY 1. Farmer distress Falling prices, failing hopes D. GS 4 Related E. Editorials INFRASTRUCTURE 1. Indian Railways and PM Gati Shakti ENVIRONMENT 1. Cheetahs and India’s grasslands F. Prelims Facts 1. Mimeusemia ceylonica 2. TROPEX Exercise G. Tidbits 1. India top-tier security partner, says Australian Prime Minister 2. Antibiotic drugs administered on livestock cut carbon in soil and affect climate, says IISc study 3. IBSA can play vital role in reforming digital governance, says DiploFoundation report I. UPSC Mains Practice Questions
A. GS 1 Related
Nothing here for today!!!
B. GS 2 Related
1. Centre to reconsider ‘safe harbour’ clause in IT law
Syllabus: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.
Prelims: About Information Technology Act, 2000
Mains: The need for Digital India Act, 2023 and significant provisions in the Act
Context
The Union government is drafting the Digital India Act, 2023, which would replace the Information Technology Act, 2000.
Details on Digital India Act, 2023
- As per the report, a draft Digital India Bill, 2023, would likely be ready by early July ’23.
- According to recent announcements, the government is looking to reconsider the “safe harbour” clause which is a key aspect of cyberspace.
- As per the “safe harbour” clause, social media intermediaries are not responsible for the content posted by third parties on their websites.
- Such a clause allowed social media platforms to avoid liability for the posts and content made by their users.
- The safe harbour clause was also reined in the recently notified Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 which mandates social media intermediates to remove posts when ordered to do so by the government.
- While presenting the potential changes introduced in the Digital India Act, the Union Minister of State for Electronics and Information Technology noted that social media platforms’ own moderation policies will now be checked by extending constitutional protections for freedom of expression.
- The Minister further added that while fundamental speech rights cannot be violated by any platform, there must be provision to combat the weaponisation of disinformation.
- The Digital India Act would further cover other aspects such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), deepfakes, cybercrime, competition issues and data protection.
- The government is also expected to introduce stringent regulations on privacy-invasive devices such as spy camera glasses and wearable tech through the Digital India Act.
- The Act would also look to address various new complex issues like catfishing, doxxing, trolling, and phishing that have emerged in the years post the enactment of the IT Act, 2000.
- A new adjudicatory mechanism or procedure would be introduced for handling criminal and civil offences committed online.
Nut graf: The technological advancements that took place post the enactment of the IT Act in 2000 have posed a new set of challenges which have made it extremely crucial to formulate new legislation to address modern challenges. However, such an act should only be drafted after holding extensive consultations with the stakeholders in order to ensure that it is future-ready and future-proof.
C. GS 3 Related
1. Farmer distress Falling prices, failing hopes
Syllabus: Marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related constraints
Mains: The price crash of onion and potato in India – key causes, implications and feasible solutions
Context
Cultivators of onion and potato in States such as Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat are at breaking point.
Background
- When the cultivators are hoping to get at least ₹400 to ₹500 per quintal for their yield, their yield is being auctioned at only ₹150 to ₹200 per quintal.
- Apart from the production cost which includes the cost of seeds, labour, insecticides, pesticides, and other expenditure for cultivating onions which amount to ₹800 to ₹1,000, cultivators must also bear the transport charges which would be ₹1,500.
- However, the highest amount that the traders offer to buy the produce in the wholesale market is only ₹500 per quintal.
- Cultivators of onions and potatoes across the States of Maharashtra, Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh are facing similar challenges which have led to an increase in their debts.
Key reasons for the farmers’ troubles
- Dipping prices in the wholesale market
- Adverse weather conditions
- Demonetisation in 2016
- The COVID-19 pandemic induced lockdowns
Case of Gujrat
- Bumper yields of up to 15-20% over last season have resulted in a price crash.
- The increase in the yields has meant that the farmers have lost control over the selling price as it is determined based on demand and supply.
- Further, it is said that farmers have also lost control over the rising costs of labour, pesticides, irrigation and freight charges.
- A few of the farmers have abandoned their harvested crops on farms at the Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) campus at Mahuva in Gujarat which is India’s largest onion trading centre for white onions and the second largest for red onions.
Troubles of farmers in Maharashtra
- Maharashtra’s Nashik accounts for about 30% of India’s onion production.
- Parts of Maharashtra have witnessed adverse weather conditions such as droughts every alternate year since 2015 and excessive rainfall in 2022 which has impacted the cultivation.
- Experts believe that onion is a politically-sensitive crop and political parties in power would try to keep the prices low.
- Recently, an onion cultivator from Borgaon in Solapur district travelled 70 km to the APMC centre at the district headquarters and earned a net profit of ₹2.49 against the sale of 512 kg of onions to a trader.
- Many farmers are feeling the heat of the issue as the average debt now stands at ₹5 lakh.
Challenges faced by potato cultivators in Uttar Pradesh
- Uttar Pradesh is the largest potato-producing State in India. However, a crisis is looming in the State similar to the price crash of potatoes in 2017 soon after demonetisation.
- Potato being a winter crop requires cold conditions for cultivation and the changing weather conditions have affected production significantly.
- The farmers in Uttar Pradesh are facing two issues namely the price drop and the significant reduction of 15% to 20% in yield.
- Because of the low demand, potatoes are being sent into cold storage. However, the State’s 1,971 cold storage units have been running to full capacity in recent years.
Way forward
- Farmers must make use of the Operation Greens scheme which facilitates farmers to sell their produce outside the State with the help of a 50% subsidy from the Centre on the cost of transportation.
- Government interventions are required to reduce the production expenditure that includes prices of seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides which have increased by two times in recent years.
- Efforts must be made to increase the exports of onions and potatoes which significantly benefit Indian farmers.
- Farmer associations have been demanding the government to trade potatoes and onions in the Multi Commodity Exchange of India.
- A Farmers’ Commission could be established that provides farmers with the right to decide the price of their crops similar to the way industrialists do for their products and also safeguard their interests.
Nut graf: The cultivators of onions and potatoes across States like Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat are at breaking point, with produce being sold at prices significantly below the cost of production. This requires the immediate attention of the policymakers and experts as these crops are a ubiquitous part of Indian kitchens and such a crisis could have far-reaching implications.
D. GS 4 Related
Nothing here for today!!!
E. Editorials
1. Indian Railways and PM Gati Shakti
Syllabus: GS-3, Railways; Logistics
Mains: Need and Significance of Railway reforms in India.
Context: PM Narendra Modi recently addressed a Post Budget Webinar on ‘Infrastructure and Investment: Improving logistic efficiency with PM Gatishakti National Master Plan’.
Introduction:
- India’s capital expenditure has increased 5 times compared to 2013-14 and the government has set a target of investing 110 lakh crore rupees under the National Infrastructure Pipeline.
- The Union Budget 2023 has doubled the PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan to States from ₹5,000 crore to ₹10,000 crore.
- Union Budget 2023 has also announced an outlay of ₹2.4 lakh crore for the Indian Railways.
- With a target of increasing the share of the railways in freight movement from 27% to 45% and increasing freight movement from 1.2 billion tonnes to 3.3 billion tonnes, by 2030, PM Gati Shakti provides the right platform to address the infrastructural challenges that have hampered the movement of freight by rail.
Convenience over cost:
- Currently, 65% of the freight movement is done via road transport due to its convenience.
- Road transport is generally preferred for short distances and small quantities of cargo. It offers a high degree of flexibility in terms of delivery time and routes. Road transport is also suitable for perishable and time-sensitive goods that require immediate delivery.
- However, this results in an increased burden on roads, and, therefore, significant congestion, increased pollution, and resultant logistics cost escalations.
- Freight movement cost is the highest in the road sector – nearly twice the rail cost.
- The railways in India have been losing freight share to other more flexible modes. The increased adoption of the railways as a mode for cargo movement will greatly improve India’s logistics competitiveness.
- Rail transport is more suitable for transporting large quantities of goods over long distances. It is generally more cost-effective than road transport for long hauls, and can handle heavier and bulkier goods that may not be feasible to transport by road.
- Rail transport is also more environmentally friendly, as it produces fewer emissions per ton of freight moved.
Rise in container traffic:
- Transportation of non-bulk commodities accounts for a very small share of the rail freight movement.
- In 2020-21, coal constituted 44% of the total freight movement of 1.2 billion tonnes, followed by iron ore (13%), cement (10%), food grains (5%), fertilisers (4%), iron and steel (4%), etc.
- The convenience of moving non-bulk commodities in containers has led to an increase in containerised traffic over the last decade, growing from 7.6 million Twenty-foot Equivalent Units (TEUs) in 2008 to 16.2 million TEUs in 2020.
- TEU is a unit of cargo capacity.
Infrastructure Bottlenecks:
- India’s rail network faces several infrastructure bottlenecks that affect the movement of freight by rail.
- The rail network in India is overburdened and congested, leading to significant delays in freight movement.
- The lack of last-mile connectivity infrastructure, such as connecting roads and warehouses, makes it difficult to move goods efficiently from the rail terminal to the final destination. This results in additional transportation costs and delays.
- There is a shortage of rail sidings in India, which hampers the efficient loading and unloading of freight from trains.
- The average speed of freight trains in India is relatively slow, which impacts the delivery time of goods. This is due to several factors such as the old and outdated infrastructure, the limited number of dedicated freight corridors, and the lack of modern technology to enhance train speed.
- India lacks a well-established intermodal transportation infrastructure, which hampers the efficient transfer of goods between different modes of transportation such as rail, road, and sea.
- These challenges are leading to a shift of freight traffic to roads.
Way Forward:
- Globally, railway systems are heavily investing in advanced rail infrastructure for quick and low-cost container movement.
- For example, China uses special trains to carry containers that connect significant ports to the inland, and has dedicated rail lines to move container traffic and planned double-decker container carriages for greater efficiency.
- While the Indian Railways are upgrading their infrastructure (PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan), continuous monitoring of existing projects along with identification of new priority areas will help in achieving the targets of rail freight movement.
- In order to effectively use resources, the Indian Railways must upgrade the infrastructure that is supported by appropriate policy tools and promote private involvement in the management and operation of terminals, containers, and warehouses.
- Establishing a special entity that could function as a single window for customers for cargo movement and payment transactions under the railways to handle intermodal logistics in partnership with the private sector will help address the first and last-mile issues.
- The introduction of an Uber-like model for one of the two cargo wagons in passenger trains, wherein the customer can book the wagon using an online application, could help in increasing the utilisation rate of these wagons.
- This could directly increase freight traffic without any additional investment in infrastructure.
- An integrated logistics infrastructure with first and last-mile connectivity will make rail movement competitive with roads, and facilitate exports by rail to neighbouring countries such as Nepal and Bangladesh.
Nut Graf: With a target of increasing freight movement and the share of railways in it, the PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan aims to address the infrastructural challenges that have hampered the movement of freight by rail. The Railways offer an efficient and economic mode of logistics movement and can play an important role in enabling a coordinated and integrated logistics system.
1. Cheetahs and India’s grasslands
Syllabus: GS-3, Biodiversity & Conservation
Mains: Significance of Cheetahs to India’s Grasslands
Context: Twelve Cheetahs from South Africa were successfully translocated to Madhya Pradesh’s Kuno National Park on February 18, 2023.
Introduction:
- Cheetah reintroduction in India involves the attempt to introduce and sustain a small population of Southeast African cheetahs in India more than 70 years after India’s native subspecies, the Asiatic cheetah became extinct.
- The Asiatic subspecies is now found only in Iran in critically endangered numbers.
- Since September 2022, India has translocated eight African cheetahs from Namibia and 12 from South Africa.
- Project Cheetah aims to bring back 50 cheetahs in various National Parks over five years.
Read more on Cheetah Reintroduction in India
Impact on India’s Grasslands:
- Cheetahs, as apex predators, play an important role in maintaining the balance of grassland ecosystems.
- Grasslands cover a significant portion of India’s land area and provide essential ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, soil conservation, and water regulation.
- However, they are under threat from overgrazing, habitat loss, and fragmentation. This has led to the degradation of grassland ecosystems and a decline in the population of many grassland species.
- The reintroduction of cheetahs could help restore the ecological balance of India’s grasslands. Cheetahs prey on herbivores, such as gazelles and antelopes, which helps control their population and prevent overgrazing. This, in turn, promotes the growth of vegetation and helps maintain the biodiversity of the grasslands.
- Additionally, the presence of cheetahs could attract tourists, which could provide economic benefits to local communities and incentivize conservation efforts.
- Overall, the reintroduction of cheetahs to India has the potential to save the country’s grasslands and promote ecological sustainability. It is a complex and long-term project that requires careful planning and implementation, but it could have significant benefits for the environment, the economy, and local communities.
Success stories:
- The Project Tiger initiative, launched in 1973, has been a great success in the conservation and protection of tigers and their habitats in India. At present, India has 53 reserves making up 2.3% of the country’s geographical area.
- Tiger reserves are also important for the development of larger ecosystems. These reserves provide a safe haven for a variety of flora and fauna, many of which are threatened or endangered.
- By conserving and protecting tiger habitats, Project Tiger has contributed to the conservation of many other species as well.
- Beavers were introduced into many parts of North America during the 20th century, and they have had a positive impact on the ecosystems they inhabit. Beavers create dams and ponds, which provide habitat for a wide range of aquatic and terrestrial species, including fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals.
- The beaver ponds also help to maintain water quality by trapping sediment and pollutants, and they can increase the productivity of the surrounding land by providing additional water for irrigation.
Nut Graf: Cheetah reintroduction program aims to build a self-sustaining population, centred at Madhya Pradesh’s Kuno National Park, which will also contribute to the global survival of the cheetah as a species. Cheetahs can help maintain the balance of the grassland ecosystem by controlling herbivore populations and promote the growth of native plant species, leading to a healthier ecosystem.
F. Prelims Facts
Syllabus: GS-3; Ecology and environment; Biodiversity
Prelims: About Mimeusemia ceylonica
Context
Researchers from Tamil Nadu have spotted a rare Moth species for the first time in India in the buffer zone of the Kalakkad–Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve after it was last sighted 127 years ago.
Mimeusemia ceylonica
Image Source: The Hindu
- Mimeusemia ceylonica is a moth species belonging to the subfamily Agaristinae and family Noctuidae.
- This Moth species was first illustrated and described by English entomologist George Hampson in 1893.
- The species was first identified in Sri Lanka.
- The species has been rediscovered after 127 years during a moth survey conducted in the year 2020 at the Agasthyamalai Community-based Conservation Centre (ACCC) situated in the buffer zone of Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (KMTR) in the Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu.
- The spotting of the Moth species in the district has added to the testimony of the rich biodiversity of the region.
Syllabus: GS-3; Defence and Security; Various security forces and agencies and their mandate.
Prelims: TROPEX Exercise
Context
The recent TROPEX exercise was conducted for four months from November 2022 to March 2023.
TROPEX Exercise
- TROPEX is the Indian Navy’s major “theatre-level operational readiness exercise”.
- TROPEX operational level exercise is a biennial exercise.
- The exercise not only involves the Indian Navy units but also the Indian Army, Indian Air Force and Coast Guard units.
- Thus the maritime exercise facilitates operational-level interaction with the Indian Navy, Indian Army, Indian Air Force and the Coast Guard.
- TROPEX exercise provides an opportunity to test the combat readiness of the combined fleets of the Indian forces.
- TROPEX 2023 has been conducted across the expanse of the Indian Ocean, over a duration of four months.
- TROPEX-23 saw the participation of about 70 Indian Navy ships, six submarines and more than 75 aircraft.
- The overall exercise included a pan-India coastal defence exercise named “Exercise Sea Vigil”, which was conceptualised to validate various post-26/11 maritime security measures along with the amphibious exercise named “Amphex”.
G. Tidbits
2. India top-tier security partner, says Australian Prime Minister
- The Australian Prime Minister announced that Australia will host Exercise Malabar for the first time, and India will participate for the first time in Australia’s Talisman Sabre exercise.
- Further, while visiting India’s indigenous aircraft carrier INS Vikrant in Mumbai, the Australian Prime Minister said that India is a top-tier security partner for Australia and that his visit reflects Australia’s commitment to place India at the heart of the country’s approach to the Indo-Pacific and beyond.
- In a major step forward to better India and Australia relations, both countries undertook maritime patrol aircraft deployments to each other’s territories for the first time and conducted complex and sophisticated exercises in Indo-Pacific Endeavour such as Exercise Austrahind.
- As a part of the inaugural General Rawat India-Australia Young Defence Officers’ Exchange Programme that was announced in 2022, fifteen officers from the Australian Defence Forces are visiting India which will ensure that defence personnel of both countries develop the familiarity and trust that underpins a close and long-lasting relationship.
- Both Australia and India have similar interests when it comes to ensuring free and open access to sea lanes in the Indo-Pacific for our trade and economic well-being, and rules-based international order.
Read about – India – Australia Relations
2. Antibiotic drugs administered on livestock cut carbon in soil and affect climate, says IISc study
- In a study conducted in the Spiti region of the Himalayas by the researchers of the Centre for Ecological Sciences (CES), Indian Institute of Science (IISc), it was found that grazing by livestock leads to lower carbon storage in soil compared to grazing by wild herbivores.
- According to the researchers, the difference in carbon storage is mainly on account of the use of veterinary antibiotics such as tetracycline on livestock.
- It was found that when antibiotics are released into the soil in the form of dung and urine, they alter the microbial communities in the soil which can be detrimental to carbon sequestering and can impact climate mitigation.
- In a previous study, it was observed that herbivores play a key role in stabilising the pool of soil carbon in a region and the recent study showcases the difference as to how they affect the soil carbon stocks between livestock such as sheep and cattle compared to their wild herbivores such as the yak and ibex.
- As per the latest study, despite the soils from the wild and livestock areas having many similarities, they differ mainly in one key parameter named carbon use efficiency (CUE).
- Carbon use efficiency (CUE) determines the ability of microbes to store carbon in the soil.
- The soil in the livestock areas had 19% lower CUE as antibiotics such as tetracycline can affect the microbial activity in the soil and can linger in the soil for a long period of time.
3. IBSA can play vital role in reforming digital governance, says DiploFoundation report
- As per the Geneva-based DiploFoundation, the tripartite IBSA Forum which includes India, Brazil, and South Africa could play a significant role in the process of reforming digital governance, at a time when digital geopolitical tensions are rising.
- The foundation also notes that the first tangible results from IBSA’s digital momentum can be expected during India’s G-20 presidency, which would promote a new gold standard for data.
- The report has highlighted the fact that digitisation is driving growth in the IBSA economies and that India with a vibrant digital economy is the leader among them.
- The three nations have spearheaded digital inclusion by prioritising affordable access to citizens, extending training, and bringing a legal framework for the growth of small digital enterprises.
- However, the report says that digitalisation tends to aggravate societal tensions such as the digital divide which demands that digital governance takes into account the local cultural, political landscape, and economic specificities.
- According to the report of the DiploFoundation, digital geopolitics will be centred on the issues pertaining to the protection of submarine cables and satellites, the production of semiconductors, and the free flow of data.
- India’s G-20 presidency urges for a new standard for data that can help address competing issues around the free flow of data and data sovereignty.
H. UPSC Prelims Practice Questions
Q1. Who among the following resigned from Imperial Legislative Council after the Rowlatt Act was passed? (Level – Moderate)
- Bhai Parmanand
- Madan Mohan Malviya
- Mazhar ul Haq
- Muhammad Ali Jinnah
- Syed Nabiullah
Options:
- 1, 2 and 3 only
- 2, 3 and 4 only
- 1, 3 and 5 only
- 1, 2, 4 and 5 only
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: b
Explanation:
- Three of the legislative council members resigned in protest to the passage of the Rowlatt Act. They were Madan Mohan Malviya, Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Mazhar ul Haq.
Q2. Consider the following statements with respect to the National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (NPDRR): (Level – Difficult)
- NPDRR is a multi-stakeholder platform constituted by the Government of India to facilitate dialogue, sharing experiences, views, ideas, action-oriented research & explore opportunities in the area of Disaster Risk Reduction.
- NPDRR is chaired by the Minister of State in charge of Disaster Management, Secretary is the Vice Chairperson of NPDRR.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both
- None
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: a
Explanation:
- Statement 1 is correct, NPDRR is a multi-stakeholder platform constituted by the Government of India to facilitate dialogue, sharing experiences, views, ideas, action-oriented research & explore opportunities in the area of Disaster Risk Reduction.
- Statement 2 is not correct, NPDRR is chaired by the Union Home Minister.
- The Minister of State in charge of Disaster Management in the Ministry of Home Affairs and Vice-Chairman of the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) are the Vice Chairpersons of NPDRR.
- The other members of NPDRR include 15 Cabinet Ministers, Vice Chairman of NITI Aayog, Disaster Management Ministers of each State Government/UT, representatives of Local Self-Governments and Parliament, Heads of institutions of national importance, persons representing industry, media representatives, civil society organizations and international representatives.
Q3. With respect to the Sagarmala programme, which of the following statements is/are correct? (Level – Moderate)
- The core vision of the Sagarmala programme is to reduce the logistics cost for EXIM and domestic trade with minimal infrastructure investment.
- It is the flagship programme of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
- For implementing the Sagarmala project, state governments would set up state-level Sagarmala committees that would be headed by the chief minister.
Options:
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: c
Explanation:
- Statement 1 is correct, The main vision of the Sagarmala Programme is to reduce logistics costs for EXIM and domestic trade with minimal infrastructure investment.
- Statement 2 is not correct, The Sagarmala programme is the flagship programme of the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways to promote port-led development in the country by harnessing India’s 7,500 km long coastline, 14,500 km of potentially navigable waterways and strategic location on key international maritime trade routes.
- Statement 3 is correct, To have effective mechanisms at the state level for coordinating and facilitating Sagarmala-related projects, the State Governments are suggested to set up a State Sagarmala Committee to be headed by the Chief Minister.
Q4. With respect to the Vice-President of India, which of the following statements is/are correct? (Level – Difficult)
- The Vice-President is elected by an electoral college consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament, in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote and the voting in such election is by open ballot.
- The oath of office to the Vice-President is administered by the Chief Justice of India.
- If the office of the Vice-President falls vacant by resignation, removal, death or otherwise, then an election to fill the vacancy should be held within six months from the date of the occurrence of such a vacancy.
Options:
- 1 only
- 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
- None
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: d
Explanation:
- Statement 1 is not correct, The Vice-President is elected by an electoral college consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament, in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote and the voting in such election is by secret ballot.
- Statement 2 is not correct, the oath of office to the Vice President is administered by the President of India or some person appointed on his behalf.
- Statement 3 is not correct, The election to fill a vacancy in the office of Vice President occurring by reason of his death, resignation or removal, or otherwise shall be held as soon as possible after the occurrence of the vacancy.
- The person so elected is entitled to hold office for a full term of 5 years from the date he/she enters office.
Q5. Consider the following statements: (Level – Easy) PYQ (2008)
- The Nuclear Suppliers Group has 24 countries as its members.
- India is a member of the Nuclear Suppliers Group.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: d
Explanation:
- Statement 1 is not correct, There are a total of 48 countries that are members of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG).
- Statement 2 is not correct, India is not a member of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) as China has constantly opposed India’s NSG membership mainly on the grounds that India is not a signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).
I. UPSC Mains Practice Questions
- Excessive use of antimicrobials is not only causing anti-microbial resistance but is also contributing to climate change. Elaborate. (15 marks, 250 words) [GS-3, Science & Technology]
- What do you understand by demand and supply elasticity? How does it affect the Indian agricultural sector? (15 marks, 250 words) [GS-3, Economy]
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CNA 10 March 2023:- Download PDF Here
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