CNA 14 March 2023:- Download PDF Here
TABLE OF CONTENTS
A. GS 1 Related B. GS 2 Related INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 1. Understanding the Saudi-Iran detente C. GS 3 Related D. GS 4 Related E. Editorials POLITY AND GOVERNANCE 1. A chance for India to shape a data governance regime EDUCATION 1. A reality check for foreign universities F. Prelims Facts 1. Superconductors 2. Oscars 2023 G. Tidbits 1. India remains world’s largest importer of arms: SIPRI report 2. 246 vultures spotted in synchronised survey in T.N., Kerala and Karnataka 3. In Cambodia, a battle for democracy, inclusiveness 4. Cyclone Freddy H. UPSC Prelims Practice Questions I. UPSC Mains Practice Questions
A. GS 1 Related
Nothing here for today!!!
B. GS 2 Related
Category: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
1. Understanding the Saudi-Iran detente
Syllabus: Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries
Mains: Understanding the detente between Saudi Arabia and Iran
Context
Saudi Arabia and Iran have agreed to restore diplomatic ties through an agreement brokered by China.
Historical Backdrop
- Saudi Arabia and Iran are major powers in West Asia. However, the two countries have been at odds with each other as they competed for regional dominance.
- Post the Iranian Revolution or the Islamic Revolution in 1979 which put an end to the Iranian monarchy and as Iran became a Shia theocratic republic, sectarian and ideological differences also popped up between Saudi Arabia and Iran.
- A cold war kind of situation also emerged between the two countries as they started supporting their proxies across West Asia.
- The formal relations between the two collapsed in 2016 after the Saudi embassy in Tehran was stormed by protesters who were protesting against the execution of a Shia cleric by Saudi Arabia.
The Agreement between Saudi Arabia and Iran
The below map shows the range of influence enjoyed by Iran and Saudi in West Asia.
Image Source: The Hindu
- In 2021, Saudi Arabia and Iran started engaging with each other directly and convened several rounds of negotiations that took place in Iraq and then Oman which indicates a growing realisation on both sides that the diplomatic channels must be kept open.
- In December 2022, the Chinese President visited Riyadh (Saudi Arabia) and he urged for a rapprochement between the two countries.
- In January 2023, Saudi’s Foreign Minister confirmed that Saudi had reached out to Iran and is working towards finding a path to dialogue and the reconciliation between the two countries was announced recently after days-long secret talks in China.
- As per the reports, Iran through these talks has agreed to prevent further attacks against Saudi Arabia, particularly from the Houthi-controlled parts of Yemen.
- Iran has been supporting the Houthis rebels, which is a Shia militia in Yemen whereas Saudi Arabia has been backing the government forces in Yemen.
- Further, Saudi Arabia has agreed to put a check on Iran International, a Farsi (modern Persian language) news channel which has been involved in criticising the Iranian regime.
- Iranian intelligence has called this organisation a terrorist organisation.
- In the coming days, the foreign ministers of both countries are expected to meet and draft official terms of the reconciliation before reopening their embassies in each other’s capitals.
- China is also looking to host a cross-Gulf conference with Iran and the six members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) which includes Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait and Oman.
Key reasons for the reconciliation between two countries
- In recent years, West Asia has been experiencing strategic realignments. For instance:
- The UAE in 2020, normalised its relations with Israel.
- Israel and other Arab countries have also tried to engage and further their partnerships.
- The US has also tried to negotiate a normalisation agreement between Saudi Arabia and Israel.
- In 2021, Saudi Arabia, the UAE and their allies put an end to their failed blockade of Qatar.
- The deprioritisation of West Asia by the US, which has been a traditional great power in the region and challenges posed by Iran’s rise have been the key drivers of realignments in the region.
- To address this challenge, the US has been trying to bring together the two pillars of its West Asia policy namely Israel and the Arab world against Iran.
- While the UAE has opted for this path through the Abraham Accords, Saudi Arabia has been sceptical about reconciling with Israel, especially due to the growing tensions in the Israeli-Palestinian territories.
- Furthermore, the diplomatic relations between Saudi Arabia and the US is going through a rocky phase in recent times which has forced Saudi Arabia to look for alternative solutions to the Iran problem.
- Additionally, Iran is also experiencing one of its toughest times as its economy is deteriorating on account of economic isolation and domestic pressure.
- Iran has also realised that it would not be getting a reprieve from Western sanctions in the near future.
- Iran has now relied on Chinese investments and support to come out of the crisis and China has allowed Iran to withdraw parts of the $20 billion funds that were frozen with Chinese banks.
- In the wake of such a crisis, Iran believes that an agreement with Saudi Arabia could open economic lifelines for Iran.
- Even strategically, the deal would help Iran derail the effort by the US to rally Arab countries and Israel against it.
Involvement of China in the deal and its influence
- China, unlike the US which has a history of military interventions in West Asia, has a cleaner record in West Asia.
- As the relations between the US and Saudi Arabia have faced troubles in recent years, China has maintained warm ties with not just Saudi Arabia but also Iran.
- China is a leading buyer of Saudi oil and the largest trading partner of Iran.
- This has allowed China to bring the parties closer.
- China has economic, regional and strategic interests in West Asia and playing the role of a negotiator would help significantly in furthering Chinese interests in the region.
- China is the largest oil buyer in the world and the stability in the energy market on account of the reconciliation between Saudi Arabia and Iran would be beneficial for China.
- Furthermore, the latest detente between Saudi Arabia and Iran indicates China’s rising influence in the West Asian region.
- Most of the peace agreements in the region post the World War such as the Camp David agreement (1978), Oslo Accords (1993), the Israel-Jordan Treaty (1994), Middle East Quartet (2002) and the Abraham Accords (2020) have had the US’s presence but the recent agreement doesn’t have the US’s presence.
- Through this agreement, China has showcased to the countries in the Global South its ability and leverage to initiate and sustain such diplomatic initiatives.
The response of the US
- Several officials of the US have welcomed the reconciliation between Saudi Arabia and Iran and they have said that the peace between two of the major rivals in the region would help stabilise the region and benefit the global energy market
- However, from a strategic point of view, the US would be facing significant challenges because of the deal as the US expects Saudi Arabia to normalise relations with Israel and put up a joint front against Iran.
- Further, the US will also not be comfortable losing its influence in West Asia, especially to China which is deepening its influence in the region.
- The US has enjoyed influence and dominance in the region since the Suez Crisis of 1956.
Nut graf: The restoration of diplomatic relations between Saudi Arabia and Iran under China’s mediation could have far-reaching implications for regional security, stability and geopolitics. This is a wake-up call for countries such as India which would need to revisit their West Asia policies.
C. GS 3 Related
Nothing here for today!!!
D. GS 4 Related
Nothing here for today!!!
E. Editorials
Category: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE
1. A chance for India to shape a data governance regime
Syllabus: GS-2, Government policies and interventions.
Mains: Data governance and data security.
Prelims: Data Empowerment and Protection Architecture.
Details:
- India has considerably advanced in its digital strategies and data governance. However, as the country evolves with technology and digitalisation, it is important that its approach is inclusive, transparent, secure, and conducive to sustainable development.
- The G-20 has recognized the need for international cooperation in addressing the challenges associated with the rapid growth of data and digital technologies.
- India’s G-20 presidency provides it with a unique opportunity to display its digital transformation specifically in data infrastructure and data governance.
Data Empowerment and Protection Architecture (DEPA):
- Data Empowerment and Protection Architecture (DEPA) is a consent management tool which is launched by India.
- DEPA has the ability to improve citizens’ data protection and privacy. It gives them greater control over the use and sharing of their personal information.
- It could build trust in digital technologies and data governance.
Also read: Digital Data Protection Bill, 2022
Associated Concerns:
- If the DEPA is not properly implemented or managed, it can increase the risk of misuse and misappropriation.
- Implementation of DEPA across different sectors and jurisdictions might be inconsistent. It could further result in ineffectiveness and confusion among citizens.
- Apart from security and privacy, there are concerns related to infrastructure, connectivity, and the availability of a skilled human workforce.
- There are also concerns associated with the misuse and commercialization of sensitive data from critical sectors like healthcare and agriculture.
- There are also concerns about ownership and governance of data generated and collected along with the rights of the data provider.
- Another major concern is data sovereignty.
- Data sovereignty is a principle that a country has the right to control the data collection, storage, and usage within its borders. It also includes the right to informational self-determination of citizens over their data.
Measures taken and Way Ahead:
- India established the India Data Management Office (IDMO).
- It is responsible for overseeing and implementing the country’s digital strategies and data governance framework.
- It will also promote the development of the open-source solution and ensure that data structures are a social public good.
- India stack should be designed and implemented in a way that is consistent with India’s development strategies.
- India stack is a unified software platform that provides digital public goods, and application interfaces, and ensures digital inclusion.
- Data governance should be a process in evolution that is agile and responsible. It should be built on fundamental rights, values, and norms.
- A strong and robust data protection regulatory framework with ethical data governance practices is the need of the hour. It also requires an accountable oversight mechanism.
- Many experts suggest the opening of data “silos” to capture the potential wealth of data sharing between governments, corporations, and citizens. However, others argue that it might jeopardize trust and security.
- India should explore a middle path between restrictive data sovereignty and limitless data flow. It can define the data, its sharing, and the purpose of sharing.
- It should balance the interest of all stakeholders while respecting and protecting the fundamental right to privacy.
- Investment should be made in digital infrastructure and the necessary skills for a resilient data governance regime.
Also read: Open Data, Open Government Data
Nut Graf: India has made significant progress in digital technologies and data governance. However, there are some challenges that should be addressed by a data governance strategy that is secure, transparent, robust, and aligned with the values and priorities of the country.
1. A reality check for foreign universities
Syllabus: GS-2, Issues related to Education.
Mains: Foreign Universities in India and associated concerns.
Context: The University Grants Commission (UGC) released the draft UGC (Setting up and Operation of Campuses of Foreign Higher Educational Institutions in India) Regulations 2023.
Details:
- The government’s move to establish foreign universities in India has received mixed reactions. It has been appreciated by some for quality enhancement whereas others have called it a predatory practice.
- In terms of the economic aspect, Indian education appears attractive.
- Ten years ago, OECD’s global study on the internationalization of higher education observed that “no matter how altruistic and enlightened the motivation, financial aspects of setting up an off-shore campus are likely to prevail.”
Statistical Details:
- According to the Ministry of Education, the number of Indian students going abroad increased from 4.4 lakhs in 2021 to nearly 7.5 lakhs in 2022.
- As per the Reserve Bank of India, outward remittance spent on education from 2012 to 2022 was about $5.1 billion.
- The All-India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) observed that approximately 4.13 crore students are enrolled in higher education. In order to achieve a target of a 50% enrolment ratio by 2035 from the existing 27.3%, student intake should almost double in 15 years.
- Much of this absorption of students is expected to happen in private institutions (currently covering only a quarter of enrollments).
Also read: AISHE: PIB Summary & Analysis for UPSC, 29th Jan 2023
Challenges for Foreign Universities:
- Foreign universities in India should position themselves on par with the premiere Indian universities in terms of costs and fees. For instance,
- IIT Madras has nearly 7000 students with an annual operating expenditure of nearly ₹1032 crore (2020-21).
- The students’ fees partially meet this expense as it charges fees of only ₹2 lakhs yearly for its core programmes.
- If it adopts an entirely fee-based model, then it would cost at least ₹14 lakhs a year.
- The University Grants Commission has placed a condition for foreign universities to offer services on par with what they offer in their home country. This would require foreign faculty and significant capital.
- The local education market in India is highly fragmented. Some institutes (like Shiv Nadar and Azim Premji) are backed by philanthropic organizations costing fees as low as around ₹1.6 lakhs; whereas others take a volume route and charge mid-level fees. Some other types of institutes follow the niche route and charge relatively high fees.
- Higher fees will not be a barrier if the institutes can create premiums for students in the form of recruiters offering enhanced remuneration. For instance, the IIM model is “high fees and high premium” in contrast to that of IITs which is “low fees and a high premium”.
- Moreover, creating high-demand graduates is also a challenge for foreign universities as decades-old elite private institutions have not reached the level of IITs and IIMs.
- The 2019 Global Education Monitoring Report on the internationalization of higher education in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries highlighted that despite GCC nations heavily investing in foreign universities and providing them financial incentives, “the employment workforce nationalization has been elusive.”
- Some countries like UAE offer 10-year visas for exceptional students and 5-year visas for others to seek work, thereby making it an attractive destination for students looking for better opportunities and rich cultural experiences.
- It is argued that establishing foreign universities will not lead to a radical reduction in outward flow. However, it might marginally increase local options and redistribute students amongst the elite institutions.
Also read: Australia’s Deakin University Campus in India
Nut Graf: The Indian government has allowed the setting up of foreign universities in India in order to improve the quality of higher education. However, there are certain challenges for foreign universities that suggests a reassessment of the ground situation. The government should proactively look into the matter.
F. Prelims Facts
Syllabus: GS-3; Science and Technology – developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.
Prelims: About superconductors
Context
A study has reported the discovery of room-temperature superconductivity in nitrogen-doped lutetium hydride at about a thousand atmospheres of pressure.
What are superconductors?
- Superconductors are those materials that do not resist the flow of current and hence conduct electricity without any energy losses.
- Scientists have found out that superconductors can exhibit truly quantum phenomena and can enable revolutionary technologies, such as quantum computing.
- Some of the popular examples of superconductors are Aluminium, Magnesium diboride, Niobium, Copper oxide, Yttrium barium and Iron pnictides.
- As per the studies, all the materials which are known to be superconductors gain such properties in special circumstances and outside those circumstances, they resist the flow of current.
- Example: Aluminium becomes superconducting when it is cooled below its critical temperature i.e. less than –250°C.
- Researchers across the world have been working towards finding materials that exhibit superconductive properties in ambient conditions such as a few atmospheres of pressure and at room temperature.
- Studies have indicated that hydrogen and materials based on it could hold great promise in this regard.
- Example: In 2019, scientists in Germany found lanthanum hydride (LaH10) to be a superconductor at –20° C but under more than a million atmospheres of pressure which is almost equal to the pressures at the centre of the earth.
Room-temperature superconductors
- Recently, scientists at the University of Rochester in the US have reported the discovery of room-temperature superconductivity in nitrogen-doped lutetium hydride at about a thousand atmospheres of pressure.
- According to the researchers, the presence of nitrogen led to the findings.
- The nitrogen-doped lutetium hydride exhibited superconductivity upon the jiggling motion of the crystal, and the scientists have inferred that the right amount of nitrogen could induce the right amount of jiggling that can induce superconductivity at room temperature but without destabilising the crystal.
- However, the discovery has become controversial as there are scientific criticisms of the methods employed by the researchers to process the data and other subtraction methods.
2. Oscars 2023
Syllabus: Miscellaneous
Prelims: Oscar Awards 2023
Context
The 95th Academy Awards ceremony was held on March 12, 2023.
Oscar Awards 2023
- Indian documentary “The Elephant Whisperers” won the Academy Award for “Best Documentary Short”.
- This is the first time that an Indian production won an award under the category.
- The song “Naatu Naatu” from the film RRR won the Academy Award for “Best Original Song”.
- Naatu Naatu is the fourth non-English song to win an Oscar in the category and the first song in a foreign language since “Jai Ho” in 2009 to bag the prize.
- This is the first time two India-made productions have bagged the cinema world’s biggest prize.
About Oscar Awards
- The Academy Awards or the Oscars Awards are given annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), USA.
- The first Academy Award ceremony was held in 1929.
- The Oscar awards are presented for artistic talent and technical excellence in the international film industry.
- Bhanu Athaiya was the first Indian to win an Oscar Award.
- Bhanu Athaiya won the Best Costume Design Oscar at the 55th Academy Awards in 1983.
- The list of other winners from India includes Satyajit Ray, A R Rahman, Resul Pookotty, and Gulzar.
G. Tidbits
1. India remains world’s largest importer of arms: SIPRI report
- As per the report by the Swedish think tank Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), India has remained the world’s largest arms importer between 2018 and 2022 despite there being a drop in imports by around 11% between 2013-2017 and 2018-2022.
- According to the report, Russia was the largest arms supplier to India from 2013 to 2022. However, the percentage of total imports from Russia has fallen from 64% to 45%.
- France has displaced the US (11%) to become the second-largest supplier of arms to India, accounting for close to 30% of its defence imports.
- The latest report has also revealed that:
- Among the top 10 arms exporters for the period 2018 to 2022, India was the biggest arms export market to Russia, France and Israel.
- India has been the second-largest export market to South Korea and the third-largest market for South Africa.
- Saudi Arabia is the second largest arms importer after India.
- While India’s tensions with its neighbouring countries such as Pakistan and China have been the major drivers in the arms imports and the decrease in the share of imports compared to the 2013-2017 period is mainly on account of India’s slow and complex arms procurement process, efforts to diversify arms suppliers, and the attempts by the government to achieve self-reliance in the defence sector.
2. 246 vultures spotted in synchronised survey in T.N., Kerala and Karnataka
- About 246 vultures were spotted in the first-ever synchronised survey conducted along the borders of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka in February 2023.
- The Forest and Wildlife Departments of Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka organised the first synchronised vulture survey in various regions of the Western Ghats such as the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve (MTR), Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve (STR) in Tamil Nadu, the Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary (WWS) in Kerala, the Bandipur Tiger Reserve (BTR) and the Nagerhole Tiger Reserve (NTR) in Karnataka.
- During the survey, volunteers sighted White-rumped vultures (183), Long-billed vultures (30), Red-headed vultures (28), Egyptian vultures (3), a Himalayan Griffon (1), and a Cinereous vulture (1).
- Vultures are witnessing a catastrophic decline from the 2000s as these species are being exposed to diclofenac drug which is mainly used as a painkiller for cattle and experts believe that increasing wild carcass availability was one of the major steps needed to help vultures thrive.
Read about – Vultures of Tamil Nadu
3. In Cambodia, a battle for democracy, inclusiveness
- The imprisonment of Opposition leader Kem Sokha who was found guilty of treason by a municipal court in the Cambodian capital Phnom Penh has attracted criticism from the international community and human rights groups.
- Due to the impact of Pol Pot’s dictatorship and the continuous cycles of war which officially ended in 1991, Cambodia is struggling to elevate its economy from a lower-income status. Further, there have been growing concerns about democratic freedoms and inclusive development in the southeast Asian country.
- Additionally, there have also been concerns over the growing Chinese investment in Cambodia.
- A 187-km-long expressway that connects the Sihanoukville port town with the capital Phnom Penh has been built with a Chinese investment of $2 billion which is now a part of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
- India is currently involved in restoring the 12th-century sites at the Angkor Wat temple in the city of Siem Reap in Cambodia.
- India is also engaged in extending technical training, livelihood support, and supporting local entrepreneurship. However, the locals opine that India should help promote democracy within Cambodia as without democratic freedoms, the development initiatives fail to reach people.
- Cyclone Freddy has caused powerful winds and torrential rain in Malawi and Mozambique on its return to southern Africa after a first hit in February 2023.
- According to NASA, Cyclone Freddy has set the record for having the highest accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) of any southern hemisphere storm in history.
- Accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) is an index used to measure the total amount of wind energy associated with a tropical cyclone over its lifetime.
- Freddy is set to become the longest-lasting storm and has impacted large areas of Northeast Zimbabwe, Southeast Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique.
- Globally, the rising mean sea levels have contributed to higher extreme sea levels associated with tropical cyclones and experts predict an increase in the average intensity, the magnitude of storm surge and precipitation rates associated with tropical cyclones in the coming days.
H. UPSC Prelims Practice Questions
Q1. How many of the following statements are true regarding “Dragon Fruit” or Kamalam? (Level – Difficult)
- It is a native fruit of Southeast Asian countries like Thailand and Malaysia.
- It is a perennial cactus species.
- India does not produce this fruit, and it is entirely imported from South East Asia.
Options:
- Only 1 statement
- Only 2 statements
- All 3 statements
- None of the statements
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: a
Explanation:
- Statement 1 is not correct, Dragon Fruit is native to the deserts of Mexico, the countries of Central America and South America.
- The plant is also grown in other countries in Southeast Asia such as Vietnam, Malaysia, and Thailand.
- Statement 2 is correct, Dragon Fruit is a climbing, fast-growing perennial vine cactus species.
- Statement 3 is not correct, The Dragon Fruit production in India began in the early 1990s and is gaining popularity as a crop of choice for India’s fruit farmers.
Q2. Which of the following statements are true regarding the “Nagar Van Yojana”? (Level – Moderate)
- It is being implemented by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.
- It utilizes the CAMPA funds for the development of “Nagar Vans” and “Nagar Vatikas”.
- It plans to increase the green cover in not just urban, but also peri-urban areas.
Options:
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- 1, 2 and 3
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: b
Explanation:
- Statement 1 is not correct, The Nagar Van Yojana has been implemented by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).
- Statement 2 is correct, The scheme utilises National Funds under Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA) for the development of “Nagar Vans” and “Nagar Vatikas”.
- Statement 3 is correct, The key objectives of the scheme are to enhance the tree outside forests and green cover, enhancement of biodiversity and ecological benefits to the urban and peri-urban areas apart from improving the quality of life of city dwellers.
Q3. Which of the following countries are included in the basin of the Malacca Strait? (Level – Easy)
- Malaysia
- Indonesia
- Brunei
- Singapore
- Thailand
Options:
- 1, 2 and 4
- 2, 3, 4 and 5
- 1, 2, 4 and 5
- 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: c
Explanation:
Image Source: IILSS – INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR LAW OF THE SEA STUDIES
Q4. Identify the correct statements: (Level – Moderate)
- The Archeological Survey of India takes part in both domestic and overseas heritage restoration on behalf of GoI.
- The Water Heritage sites are declared by the ASI under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958.
Options:
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: a
Explanation:
- Statement 1 is correct, The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) is an Indian government agency that is responsible for archaeological research and the conservation and preservation of cultural historical monuments in the country.
- ASI also takes part in overseas heritage restoration on the behalf of the Government of India.
- Statement 2 is not correct, There is no provision under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958 to declare a site as a “Water Heritage Site” under the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).
- The Ministry of Jal Shakti had set up a Committee to identify 75 Water Heritage Structure (WHS) in reference to 75 years of India’s Independence.
Q5. With reference to communication technologies, what is/are the difference/differences between LTE (Long Term Evolution) and VoLTE (Voice over Long-Term Evolution)? (Level – Easy) [PYQ 2020]
- LTE is commonly marketed as 3G, and VoLTE is commonly marketed as advanced 3G.
- LTE is data-only technology and VoLTE is voice-only technology.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
CHECK ANSWERS:-
Answer: d
Explanation:
- Statement 1 is not correct, LTE stands for Long Term Evolution. It is a model for high-speed data communication systems, also called 4G.
- VoLTE stands for Voice over Long Term Evolution and similar to LTE, it also holds 4G networks that helps provide high-speed internet services
- Statement 2 is not correct, LTE is data-only technology but VoLTE is both data and voice technology.
- Basically, VoLTE systems convert voice into the data stream, which is then transmitted using the data connection.
I. UPSC Mains Practice Questions
- Improved Saudi-Iran relations augur well for not just the region but for India as well. Do you agree? Justify your answer. (15 marks, 250 words) [GS-2, IR]
- What is superconductivity? What are some of its applications in society? (15 marks, 250 words) [GS-3, S&T]
Read the previous CNA here.
CNA 14 March 2023:- Download PDF Here
Gaining knowledge