75. According to the National Agricultural Aviation Society NAAS, without the use of crop protection products to control insects, weeds, and diseases, crop yields per acre will drop by more than 50 percent. The first aerial application of insecticide occurred in 1921 , and it was a huge success. By contrast, in today's economy all aircraft that are classified as aerial applicators do more than just apply insecticide; today, they also spread seeds and apply fertilizer. From the information given above it CANNOT be validly concluded that

Q. A cooperative society of farmers has 50 hectares of land to grow two crops A and B. The profits from crops A and B per heclare are estimated as Rs 10,500 and Rs 9,000 respectively. To control weeds, a liquid herbicide has to be used for crops A and B at the rate of 20 litres and 10 litres per hectare, respectively. Further not more than 800 litres of herbicide should be used in order to protect fish and wildlife using a pond which collects drainage from this land. Keeping in mind that the protection of fish other wildlife is more important than earning profit, how much land should be allocated to each crop so as to maximize the total profit?
From an LPP from the above and solve it graphically. Do you agree with the massage that the protection of wildlife is utmost necessary to preserve the balance in environment?

Q. A cooperative society of farmers has

50

hectares of land to grow two crops A and B. The profits from crops A and B per hectare are estimated as Rs

10, 500

and Rs

9, 000

respectively. To control weeds, a liquid herbicide has to be used for crops A and B at the rate of

20

litres and

10

litres per hectare, respectively. Further not more than

800

litres of herbicide should be used in order to protect fish and wildlife using a pond which collects drainage from this land. Keeping in mind that the protection of fish and other wildlife is more important than earning profit, how much land should be allocated to each crop so as to maximize the total profit? Form an LPP from the above and solve it graphically. Do you agree with the message that the protection of wildlife is utmost necessary to preserve the balance in environment?

Q. Passage

Over the next 50 years, global demand for agricultural products may double. When supply cannot keep pace, food prices and hunger will soar. But how can agricultural supply be doubled without overstraining the environment? Climate change is an additional challenge. The only option is by using science and technology, including modern biotech and genetic engineering. Modern biotech helps to develop higher yielding and higher quality crops that are more tolerant to pests and unfavourable environments, and which use water and soil nutrients more efficiently.

Genetically engineered (GE) crops are already widely used. Last year, 12 percent of the global crop area was grown with GE varieties of soybean, maize, cotton, rapeseed and sugar beet. Herbicide-tolerant GE crops facilitate weed control and have contributed to the rapid spread of conservation agriculture in North and South America. Insect-resistant crops, also called Bt crops, contribute to lower insecticide use and better pest control.

Adopting farmers benefit significantly. Various research groups, have analysed the impacts of GE crops in various countries over the last 15 years. In India, where Bt cotton is now used by seven million smallholders, yields were raised by 25 percent while insecticide sprays were reduced by 50 percent. In spite of more expensive seeds, Bt cotton farmers realise 50 percent higher profits. Farm households have notably improved living standards. Similar effects were demonstrated in China, Pakistan, South Africa and elsewhere.

The public debate about GE crops has been dominated by fear and prejudice. Urban consumers often have a romanticised notion of farming and prefer traditional forms of agriculture. But given dwindling land and water resources, traditional agriculture cannot satisfy the needs of the 9.5 billion people that are expected to live on our planet by 2050. The widespread fears are overblown; 30 years of research show that GE crops pose no environmental and health risks different from conventionally bred varieties.

Q. Consider the following statements with respect to the passage?
1. Agricultural supply can be increased by increasing access to irrigation facilities.
2. Climate change may have a detrimental effect on agricultural supply in future.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

अगले 50 वर्षों में कृषि संबंधी उत्पादों की वैश्विक मांग दुगनी हो सकती है। आवश्यकतानुसार आपूर्ति न होने पर खाद्य पदार्थों के मूल्य तथा भूख, दोनों ही आकाश छूने लगेंगे। किन्तु पर्यावरण पर अत्यधिक दबाव डाले बिना कृषि उत्पादों की आपूर्ति को दुगुना किस प्रकार किया जा सकता है? जलवायु परिवर्तन एक अतिरिक्त चुनौती है। एकमात्र विकल्प है विज्ञान तथा प्रौद्योगिकी का प्रयोग किया जाए जिसमें आधुनिक जैव-प्रौद्योगिकी तथा आनुवंशिक अभियांत्रिकी शामिल हैं। आधुनिक जैव प्रौद्योगिकी अपेक्षाकृत अधिक उपज तथा अधिक उच्च गुणवत्ता वाली, कीटों तथा प्रतिकूल वातावरणों के प्रति अधिक सहिष्णु फसलों का विकास करने में सहायता करती है। ये फसलें जल तथा मृदा में स्थित पोषक तत्वों का अधिक प्रभावी रूप से उपयोग करती हैं।

आनुवंशिक अभियांत्रिकी (जी.इ.) द्वारा निर्मित फसलें पहले ही व्यापक रूप से प्रयोग में हैं। पिछले वर्ष, विश्व के कुल फसल क्षेत्र के 12 प्रतिशत में सोयाबीन, मक्का, कपास, श्वेत सरसों तथा चुकंदर की जी.ई. प्रकार की फसलें उगाई गयी थीं। खर-पतवार नाशी के प्रति सहनशील जी.ई. फसलें खर-पतवार नियंत्रण को सुगम बनाती हैं तथा इसने उत्तरी तथा दक्षिणी अमेरिका में संरक्षण कृषि के तीव्र प्रसार में योगदान किया है। कीट-प्रतिरोधी फसलें जिन्हें बी.टी. फसलें भी कहा जाता है, अपेक्षाकृत कम कीटनाशी के प्रयोग तथा बेहतर कीट नियंत्रण में योगदान देती हैं।

अपनाने वाले किसानों को महत्वपूर्ण लाभ हुए हैं विभिन्न शोध समूहों ने पिछले 15 वर्षों में विभिन्न देशों में जी.ई. फसलों के प्रभाव का अध्ययन किया है। भारत में, जहां बी.टी. कपास का उपयोग 70 लाख लघु भूमिधारकों के द्वारा किया जाता है, पैदावार में 25 प्रतिशत की वृद्धि हुई, वहीं कीटनाशकों के छिड़काव में 50 प्रतिशत की कमी आई। अधिक महंगे बीजों के प्रयोग के बावजूद, बी.टी. कपास के किसानों को 50 प्रतिशत अधिक लाभ हुआ और खेती पर आश्रित परिवारों का जीवन स्तर स्पष्ट रूप से उन्नत हुआ है। चीन, पाकिस्तान, दक्षिण अफ्रीका तथा अन्य स्थानों पर भी समान प्रभाव दृष्टिगत हुए हैं।

जी.ई. फसलों को लेकर होने वाली सार्वजनिक परिचर्चा पर भय तथा पूर्वाग्रह का अधिक प्रभाव रहा है। शहरी उपभोक्ताओं के मन में कृषि को लेकर काल्पनिक धारणा होती है तथा वे कृषि के परम्परागत तरीके को अधिक प्रधानता देते हैं। किन्तु भू-ह्रास तथा जलीय संसाधनों को ध्यान में रखते हुए परम्परागत कृषि 2050 तक हमारे ग्रह पर उपस्थित 9.5 अरब व्यक्तियों की आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति नहीं कर सकती। व्यापक भय आवश्यकता से अधिक है; 30 वर्षों का शोध यह बताता है कि जी.ई. फसलें परम्परागत रूप से उत्पन्न प्रजातियों से भिन्न पर्यावरण तथा स्वास्थ्य संबंधी कोई अन्य संकट उत्पन्न नहीं करतीं।

Q. परिच्छेद के परिप्रेक्ष्य में निम्नलिखित कथनों पर विचार करें:
1. सिंचाई की सुविधा उपलब्ध करा कर कृषि आपूर्ति को बढ़ाया जा सकता है।
2. जलवायु परिवर्तन का भविष्य में कृषि आपूर्ति पर क्षतिकारक प्रभाव हो सकता है।
उपर्युक्त कथनों में से कौन-सा/से सही है/हैं?

Q. A cooperative society of farmers has 50 hectares of land to grow two crops X and Y. The profits from crops X and Y per hectare are estimated as ₹10,500 and ₹9,000 respectively. To control weeds, a liquid herbicide has to be used for crops X and Y at the rate of 20 litres and 10 litres per hectare, respectively. Further not more than 800 litres of herbicide should be used in order to protect fish and wildlife using a pond which collects drainage from this land. How much land should be allocated to each crop so as to maximise the total profit of the society? [CBSE 2013]

Q. A cooperrative society of farmers has

50

hectare of land to grow two crops

X

and

Y

. The profit from crop

X

and

Y

per hectare are estimated as Rs

10, 500

and Rs

9, 000

respectively. To control weeds, a liquid herbicide has to be used for crops

X

and

Y

at rates of

20

litres and

10

litres per hectare. Further, no more than

800

litres of herbicide should be used in order to protect fish and wild life using a pond which collects drainage from this land. How much land should be allocated to each crop so as to maximise the total profit of the society?