A book is resting on the surface of a table. Consider the following four forces that arise in this situation.
The force of the earth pulling on the book.
The force of the table pushing on the book.
The force of the book pushing on the table.
The force of the book pulling on the earth.
Based on above information, answer the following questions:
Which pair of forces, excluding “action-reaction” pairs, must be equal in magnitude and opposite in direction?
$1 a n d 2$
$1 a n d 3$
$2 a n d 3$
$1 a n d 4$

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Solution

Let us analyze the four situations and determine which pair must be equal in magnitude and opposite in direction:
The interaction pair for this force will be the table pushing on the book.
The interaction pair for this force will be the earth pulling on the book.
The interaction pair for this force will be the book pulling on the earth.
The interaction pair for this force will be the book pushing on the table.
From this, the interaction pairs are $1 - 2 a n d 3 - 4$ .
Hence, the pair of forces, excluding “action-reaction” pairs, which must be equal in magnitude and opposite in direction is option (a) $1 a n d 2$ .

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