Question

A large steel wheel is to be fitted on to a shaft of the same material. At ${27}^{\circ }C$, the outer diameter of the shaft is $8.70\text{cm}$ and the diameter of the central hole in the wheel is $8.69\text{cm}$. The shaft is cooled using ‘dry ice’. At what temperature of the shaft does the wheel slip on the shaft? Assume coefficient of linear expansion of the steel to be constant over the required temperature range: ${\alpha }_{\text{steel}}=1.20\times {10}^{-5}{K}^{-1}$.

Answer 1

Step 1: Find the change in diameter of the shaft up to which wheel will not slip.

The given temperature, $T={27}^{\circ }C$ can be written in Kelvin as:

$T=27+273=300K$

Outer diameter of the steel shaft at $T{d}_1=8.70\text{cm}$

Diameter of the central hole in the wheel at $T,d_2=8.69\text{cm}$

Coefficient of linear expansion of steel, ${\alpha }_{\text{steel}}=1.20\times {10}^{-5}{K}^{-1}$.

After the shaft is cooled using ‘dry ice’, its temperature becomes $T_1.$

The wheel will slip on the shaft, if the change in diameter,

$\Delta d=8.69-8.70=-0.01\text{cm}$

Step 2: Find temperature in ${}^{\circ }C$ at which the wheel will slip from the shaft.

Temperature $T_1$ can be calculate from the relation:

$\Delta d=d_1.{\alpha }_{\text{steel}}(T_1-T)$

$\Rightarrow -0.01=8.70\times 1.20\times {10}^{-5}(T_1-300)$

$\Rightarrow (T_1-300)=-95.78$

$\Rightarrow T_1=300-95.78=204.21K$

$\Rightarrow t^{\circ }C=204.21-273.15$

$=-{68.94}^{\circ }C\approx -{69}^{\circ }C$