A loud sound can travel long distance because, it
is associated with more energy
Since the loudness of the sound wave is determined by the amplitude, a loud sound has more amplitude and hence more energy. As the energy of a sound wave is proportional to the square of the amplitude.
As the sound wave travels through the medium, its energy decays. So a sound wave with more energy will have to travel more distance before its energy reduces to a level that can not be perceived by a listener.