(a) What is the property of concentrated sulphuric acid which allows it to be used in the preparation of hydrogen chloride and nitric acid?
(b) What property of hydrogen chloride is demonstrated when it is collected by downward delivery (upward displacement)?
(c) Why is hydrogen chloride not collected over water?

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Solution

(a) Concentrated sulphuric acid is a non-volatile acid. When concentrated sulphuric acid (non-volatile) is heated with salts of more volatile acids (NaCl and KNO₃), the non-volatile acid displaces the more volatile acids. Hence, it is used in the preparation of hydrogen chloride and nitric acid.
(b) Hydrogen chloride is denser than air and is collected by the upward displacement of air.
(c) Hydrogen chloride is not collected over water due to the back suction of water.

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In the preparation of hydrogen chloride from sodium chloride and sulphuric acid, the sulphuric acid used should be concentrated

What would happen if
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(iii) Hydrogen chloride prepared in laboratory, is passed through water, using a delivery tube.

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