According to the passage, the major reason for the financial problems experienced by Japan's feudal overlords in the eighteenth century was that:
Spending had outdistanced income
In the first paragraph, the author states that “Overlords’ income, despite the increase in rice production among their tenant farmers, failed to keep pace with their expenses.” This makes it evident that the major reason for the financial problems experienced by Japan’s feudal overlords in the eighteenth century was that spending has outdistanced income. Therefore, answer option (a) is the correct answer choice.