Age of fossils in the past was generally determined by radio-carbon method and other methods involving radioactive elements found in the rocks. More precise methods, which were used recently and led to the revision of the evolutionary periods for different groups of organisms, includes

Study of carbohydrates/proteins in fossils.

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Study of the conditions of fossilization.

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Electron spin resonance (ESR) of fossil DNA.

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Study of carbohydrates/proteins in rocks.

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Solution

The correct option is B Electron spin resonance (ESR) of fossil DNA.
Electron spin resonance (ESR) of fossil DNA is an advanced technique that is used to determine the age of fossils. It is also called as Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). It is based on the principle in which it measures the number of charges trapped in the crystals bandgap. It measures the change in absorption of microwave energy within a continuously varying strong magnetic field and hence in turn measures the number of unpaired spins of electronic charge which are trapped at various defects in the mineral lattice. ESR dating includes dating of coral reefs and dating of tooth enamel. So, the correct answer is 'Electron spin resonance (ESR) of fossil DNA'.

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