Answer the following:(a) The top of the atmosphere is at about 400 kV with respect to the surface of the earth, corresponding to an electric field that decreases with altitude. Near the surface of the earth, the field is about 100Vm−1. Why then do we not get an electric shock as we step out of our house into the open? (Assume the house to be a steel cage so there is no field inside!)
(b)
A man fixes outside his house one evening a two metre high insulating
slab carrying on its top a large aluminium sheet of area
1m2. Will he get an electric shock if he touches the
metal sheet next morning?
(c)
The discharging current in the atmosphere due to the
small conductivity of air is known to be 1800 A on an average over the
globe. Why then does the atmosphere not discharge itself completely
in due course and become electrically neutral? In other words,
what keeps the atmosphere charged?
(d)
What
are the forms of energy into which the electrical energy of
the atmosphere is dissipated during a lightning?
(Hint: The earth
has an electric field of about 100 Vm−1 at its surface in
the downward direction, corresponding to a surface charge
density =−10−9 Cm−2. Due to the slight conductivity
of the atmosphere up to about 50 km (beyond which it is
good conductor), about + 1800 C is pumped every second into
the earth as a whole. The earth, however, does not get
discharged since thunderstorms and lightning occurring
continually allover the globe pump an equal amount of negative charge
on the earth.)
(b) A man fixes outside his house one evening a two metre high insulating slab carrying on its top a large aluminium sheet of area 1m2. Will he get an electric shock if he touches the metal sheet next morning?
(c) The discharging current in the atmosphere due to the small conductivity of air is known to be 1800 A on an average over the globe. Why then does the atmosphere not discharge itself completely in due course and become electrically neutral? In other words, what keeps the atmosphere charged?
(d)
What
are the forms of energy into which the electrical energy of
the atmosphere is dissipated during a lightning?
(Hint: The earth
has an electric field of about 100 Vm−1 at its surface in
the downward direction, corresponding to a surface charge
density =−10−9 Cm−2. Due to the slight conductivity
of the atmosphere up to about 50 km (beyond which it is
good conductor), about + 1800 C is pumped every second into
the earth as a whole. The earth, however, does not get
discharged since thunderstorms and lightning occurring
continually allover the globe pump an equal amount of negative charge
on the earth.)
(a) We do not get an electric shock as we step out of our house because the original equipotential surfaces of open air changes, keeping our body and the ground at the same potential.
(b)
Yes.
The steady discharging current in the atmosphere charges up the
aluminium sheet gradually and raises its voltage to an extent
depending on the capacitance of the capacitor (formed by
the sheet, slab and the ground).
(c)
The
atmosphere is continually being charged by thunderstorms and
lightning all over the globe and discharged through regions of
ordinary weather. The two opposing currents are, on an average,
in equilibrium.
(d) Light energy involved in lightning; heat and sound energy in the accompanying thunder.
(b) Yes. The steady discharging current in the atmosphere charges up the aluminium sheet gradually and raises its voltage to an extent depending on the capacitance of the capacitor (formed by the sheet, slab and the ground).
(c) The atmosphere is continually being charged by thunderstorms and lightning all over the globe and discharged through regions of ordinary weather. The two opposing currents are, on an average, in equilibrium.
(d) Light energy involved in lightning; heat and sound energy in the accompanying thunder.
