Question

Answer the following (Any Three)

1. Write advantages of Hereditary
2. Which molecules are formed after whole oxidation of Acetyl co-enzyme A?
3. Distinguish between self-pollination & cross-pollination. (two point )
4. Describe any two animals of endangered species.
5. Complete the following conceptual picture:

Answer 1

Answer 1.
Importance of heredity:

1. This determines which traits are passed from the parent to the offspring.
2. Successful traits are inherited more often and change species over time.
3. Changes in traits allow an organism to adapt to a particular environment and increase survival.
4. Through heredity, variations between individuals can accumulate and cause species to evolve by natural selection.
5. An understanding of human heritability is of vital importance in the prediction, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases with a genetic component.
6. Example: Heredity of hemophilia:
7. Hemophilia is an X-linked condition, meaning it is only carried on the X chromosome.
8. Male infants have an XY pairing with the X chromosome inherited from their mother and the Y chromosome inherited from their father. Female infants have an XX pairing with one X chromosome inherited from their mother and one from their father.
9. If a male child inherits his mother’s unaffected X chromosome, he will not have hemophilia. If, however, he inherits his mother’s affected X chromosome, he will have hemophilia.
10. If a female child inherits her mother’s unaffected X chromosome she will not be a carrier; but if she receives the affected X chromosome, she will be a carrier. There is a 50% chance that a female carrier’s son (XY) will have hemophilia and a 50% that her daughter (XX) will be a carrier just like her.

Answer 2.
Acetyl Co-A enters in tricarboxylic acid cycle and the products formed are CO2, CoA, ATP, NADH2 and FADH2. Concept: Formation of ATP.

Answer 3. Difference Between Self-Pollination and Cross-Pollination

Self-Pollination	Cross-Pollination
Transfer pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the same flower.	Transfer pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a different flower.
This process can take place in the same flower or a different flower of the same plant.	This process can take place between two flowers present on different plants.
It occurs in the flowers which are genetically identical.	It occurs between flowers which are genetically different.
Few species that exhibit self-pollination – Paphiopedilum parishii, Arabidopsis thaliana	Few species that exhibit cross-pollination – apples, daffodils, pumpkins and grasses
Causes homogenous conditions in progenies.	Causes heterozygous condition in progenies.
Self-pollination increases genetic uniformity and decreases genetic variation.	Cross-pollination decreases genetic uniformity and increases genetic variation.
Causes inbreeding.	Causes outbreeding.
Reduces the gene pool.	Maintains the gene pool.
Produces limited amounts of pollen grains.	Produces large amounts of pollen grains.
In self-pollination, both the stigma and anther simultaneously mature	In cross-pollination, both the stigma and anther mature at different times.
Transfers a limited number of pollens.	Transfers large numbers of pollen.
This process is carried out even when the flowers are closed.	For cross-pollination to happen, the flower should be open.
No need for pollinators to transfer pollen grains.	Require pollinators to transfer pollen grains.
Pollen grains are transferred directly to a flower’s stigma.	Pollen grains are carried via wind, insects, animals, water, etc.

Answer 4.
An endangered species is a species (a population) of animals, plants, or other organisms that is in danger of becoming extinct. This could happen because there are few of that animal left, its predators have grown in number, or the climate that it lives in is changing, or the places it lives in have been destroyed.

Examples:
1) Tiger
2) Polar bear
3) Pacific walrus
4) Magellanic penguin
5) Mountain gorilla

Answer 5.