Answer the following questions.
a.Explain the difference between acid and alkali.
b.Why indicator does not get affected by salt?
c.Which substances are produced by neutralization process?
d.Which are the industrial uses of adids ?

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Solution

a.Difference between acid and alkali :

Parameter
Acid Alkali

Nature of oxides
metal oxides are generally alkaline in nature
non-metal oxides are basic in nature

Arrhenius Definition substance which when dissolved in water gives hydrogen ion substance which when dissolved in water can accept hydrogen ions

Bronstead Lowry Definition substance which donates a proton substance which accepts a proton

Strength depends on the concentration of the hydronium ions depends on the concentration of the hydroxide ions

Characteristics (Physical)

depend upon the temperature as it can be solid, liquid or in the form of gas

have a sour taste

solid in nature except ammonia which is gaseous

have a bitter taste

slippery in touch

Dissociation would release hydrogen ions (H⁺) when mixed with water would release hydroxide ions(OH^-) when mixed with water

pH value less than 7.0 greater than 7.0

Litmus paper blue litmus paper turns red red litmus paper turns blue

Chemical Formula has a chemical formula with H at the beginning of it. For example, HCl (Hydrochloric Acid). There is one exception to this rule, CH₃COOH = Acetic Acid (vinegar) has a chemical formula with OH at the end of it. For example, NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide)

b.Indicators do not get affected by salts because salts are neutral in nature. Indicators work only with acidic and basic substances.
For example:

Indicator Acidic substance Basic substance

Phenophthalein colourless turns pink

Methyl orange methyl orange turns red methyl orange turns yellow

c.Neutralization reaction: A neutralization reaction is a reaction when an acid and a base reacts to form water and a salt. It involves the combination of H⁺ ions and OH^- ions to generate water.
The neutralization of a strong acid and strong base has a pH equal to 7. That means salts are neutral in nature.
The neutralization of a strong acid and weak base will have a pH of less than 7. That means salts are acidic in nature.
The neutralization of a strong base neutralizes a weak acid will be greater than 7. That means salts are basic in nature.

d. Industrial uses of acid are :
1.Sulphuric acid is used in manufacturing fertilizers such as super phosphate, ammonium sulphate etc.
2.Sulphuric acid is used in the manufacture of dyes.
3.Nitric acid is used in the manufacture of paints.
4.Sulphuric acid is used in the manufacture of drugs.
5.Sulphuric acid is used in the manufacture of explosives.
6.Sulphuric acid is used in batteries, which is used in cars etc.
7.Tannic acid is used in the manufacture of ink and leather.
8.Hydrochloric acid is used for making aqua regia, which is used to dissolve noble metals such as gold and platinum.
9.Sulphuric acid is used in the manufacture of jet fuel, kerosene and leather.

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