Percolation literally means to filter through when passed through some porous material or substance while absorptionsimply means absorbing of any liquid by any absorbent. ... downward movement of water is called percolation.. taking water into is called absorption..
Percolation rate is the rate of movement of fluid through any porous material. Whereas absorption rate is the rate at which any molecule/ ion/ particle enter into some bulk phase like gas, solid, or liquid.
If some water is poured over soil, some water will be absorbed and some will percolate through soil. If we ignore water loss by any other method then we can say percolated water = total water – absorbed (and retained) water.