Arrange the following groups in the order of decreasing (-I) effect.

- F

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- C N

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- C l

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- I

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- C O O H

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Solution

Relative inductive effects with reference to hydrogen, in decreasing order of −I effect or increasing order of +I effect, as follows:
$- + N H_{3} > - N O_{2} > - S O_{2} R > - C N >$
$- S O_{3} H > - C H O > - C O > - C O O H >$
$- F > - C O C l > - C O N H_{2} > - C l > - B r >$
$- I > - O R > - O H > - N R_{2}$
$> - N H_{2} > - C_{6} H_{5} > - C H = C H_{2} > - H$

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