(b) Suggest one method for the removal along with the reactions for
(i) Temporary hardness

(ii) Permanent hardness of water

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Solution

Temporary hardness can be removed by boiling

Permanent hardness can be eliminated by treating it with a small amount of sodium carbonate

It forms insoluble carbonates which can be eliminated through filtration, and the water becomes soft as a result.

$N a_{2} C O_{3} + C a S O_{4} \to C a C O_{3} + N a_{2} S O_{4}$

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Similar questions

a) What are the causes for

i) Temporary hardness ii) Permanent hardness

b) Why does the hardness of water render it unfit for use in a i) boiler ii) for washing purposes.

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