The condition in Europe after the first world war was precarious. Politically, the monarchies of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia had collapsed. Russia had become a communist country while Germany and Austria-Hungary was on the verge of chaos due to infighting between forces of the left and the right. Economically, much of central Europe was close to collapse. The social situation was also dire as millions of soldiers returned from the front to find themselves without jobs or any prospects. The threat that dissatisfied soldiers could launch violent agitations against the civilian governments was ever present, particularly in Germany.