One is that in Newton's theory the direction change of light rays would be opposite of what happens based on speed changes of light in different media.
Another is that Planck's approach, which was not a full theory, did not do away with the already very successful wave model of light from Maxwell's electrodynamics. In fact Planck didn't think of light itself as being quantized. He used a mathematical trick in which the "oscillators" emitting light waves were quantized,Planck postulate
It was Einstein who took the next step and said that Planck's approach was more than a method of calculation and that even the emitted light was quantized.
Newton thought in terms of physical particles that wouldn't need a medium to move through as was expected for waves. Planck was thinking still of waves and that they would need a medium to move through. At that time the hypothetical medium called the luminiferous aether,Luminiferous aether, was still in play.