Chlorides and sulphates of _______________( sodium and magnesium/ calcium and magnesium) cause permanent hardness.

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Solution

The water that does not form lather with soap is called hard water.
The hardness of water is caused due to the dissolved chlorides, sulphates, and bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium.
Permanent hardness is caused by the chlorides and sulphates of calcium and magnesium.
Hence, chlorides and sulphates of calcium and magnesium cause permanent hardness.

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Sulphates and chlorides of magnesium and calcium cause temporary hardness of water.

Permanent hardness is caused by the dissolved __(sulphates/bicarbonates) of calcium and magnesium.

Assertion $(A) :$ Permanent hardness of water is removed by treatment with washing soda.

Reason $(R) :$ Washing soda reacts with soluble magnesium and calcium sulphate to form insoluble carbonates.

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