The correct option is D has
The given sentence requires an auxiliary verb. The words 'since last December' and 'been exploring', show us that the action is in present perfect continuous tense. 'The scientist' is a third person singular subject and hence we will use 'has' here. Hence the correct option is A. Option B is incorrect, as 'have' is used with a third person plural subject. Option C is incorrect, as 'had' is used for actions done in the past. Option D is incorrect, as option A is the answer.