Question

1. Complete the following paragraph by filling in the blanks (i) to (v) with appropriate words:

The amount of urine output is under the regulation of a hormone called…………(i) secreted by the ………..(ii) lobe of the pituitary gland. If this hormone secretion is reduced, there is an increased production of urine. This disorder is called………..(iii). Sometimes excess glucose is passed with urine due to hyposecretion of another hormone called (iv)………..leading to the cause of a disease called (v)…………

Answer 1

(i) Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

1. The Antidiuretic hormone is synthesized by hypothalamic neurons, temporarily stored and released the posterior pituitary gland.
2. It is also called as vasopressin.
3. It acts on the nephrons of Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) and collecting duct and increases the reabsorption of water in the same.
4. Thus, produces concentrated urine.

(ii) Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

1. It is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and a part of endocrine system.
2. It is also called as neurohypophysis
3. It is involved in the temporary storage and release of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH).

(iii) Diabetes insipidus

1. It is a disorder that is characterized by the release of large volume of hypotonic urine due to the deficiency of antidiuretic hormone in the blood or due to the malfunctioning of kidneys.
2. The causes of diabetes insipidus are damaged or infected pituitary gland, mutation of water channel proteins etc.
3. This syndrome is marked by frequent urination (diuresis) and excessive thirst.

(iv) Insulin

1. This hormone lowers the level of glucose in the blood.
2. It is synthesized by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans of pancreas.
3. It is released when the glucose level in the blood goes up.
4. It works by stimulating the uptake of glucose into cells.
5. Thus, helps in lowering the blood sugar level.

(v) Diabetes mellitus

1. It is a chronic metabolic disorder associated with abnormally high levels of the sugar (glucose) in the blood.
2. It is due to inadequate production of insulin which is synthesized by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans of pancreas.
3. It is also due to inadequate sensitivity of cells to the action of insulin.
4. It results in glycosuria in which large quantity of sugar is released with urine.
5. Concentration of glucose in blood also increases causing hyperglycemia.

Final answer: The amount of urine output is under the regulation of a hormone called ADH secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. If this hormone secretion is reduced, there is an increased production of urine. This disorder is called diabetes insipidus. Sometimes excess glucose is passed with urine due to hyposecretion of another hormone called insulin leading to the cause of a disease called diabetes mellitus.